The Rise of American Power

1. The Rise of American Power 1865-1920

2. The BIG IDEA • the United States became a world power • U.S. territory was acquired by military conquest, treaty, purchase, and annexation • the United States moved away from its traditional foreign policy • the transition to a world power increased feelings of nationalism in the nation, but also caused debate and division

3. To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth century United States expandionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure? OBJECTIVE

4. Emerging Global Involvement In the late 1800s and early 1900s, American expansion was in many ways a resumption of the expansionist drive that had been halted by the Civil War. A number of factors led to the United States into greater global involvement in the late 1800s • New Technology • Drive for Markets and Raw Materials • Growth of Naval Power • Manifest Destiny and the Closing of the Frontier • Social Darwinism • The Missionary Spirit

5. New Technology • Improvements in transportation and communications shortened distances around the world • Other inventions accelerated industrial growth • Railroads connected factories and farms to Atlantic and Pacific ports, from which steamships transported agricultural produce and manufactured goods to Europe, Latin America, and Asia • Advances in communications technology, such as the telegraph, telephone, and the transatlantic cable provided information on emerging global markets and on events in other nations that might affect the United States. The world was becoming more interdependent.

6. Drive for New Markets and Raw Materials • Economics linked the domestic and foreign policy goals of the United States • Business leaders needed raw materials from abroad • Both business leaders and farmers also wanted overseas markets. Overseas markets would provide an outlet for America’s surplus goods, especially when, as in the 1890s, domestic consumption could not absorb the nation’s output.

7. Growth of Naval Power • The United States Navy began to expand in the 1880s, building modern steel-hulled warships with steam engines and advanced weaponry • Behind this growth was the urging of expansionists like Alfred T. Mahan, who argued in his influential book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, that as foreign trade increased, a nation needed a strong navy to protect shipping routes • The navy, in turn, needed bases at which to refuel and restock supplies

8. The Missionary Spirit Another motive for expansion was the Missionary Spirit It lay behind attempts to introduce Christianity and civilization to others, particularly in China, where the movement was strongest.

9. The Missionary Spirit Although the missionary spirit did result in certain improvements, such as the building of schools and hospitals, it also fostered a paternalistic view-one that saw the United States as a parent supervising weaker, less “developed” peoples.

10. The Missionary Spirit Underlying Manifest Destiny, Social Darwinism, and the missionary movement were nationalism, racism, and a strong sense of cultural superiority

11. The United States as a World Power Asia and the Pacific

12. The United States as a World Power:Asia and the Pacific The role of the United States in Asia expanded because of the establishment of trade with China and Japan and the acquisition of Hawaii, Pacific bases, and the Philippines.

13. China • American trade with China began in the 1780s through the port of Canton. By the 1800s, however, Americans were afraid that their economic opportunities in China might be limited. • Throughout the nineteenth century, China had been subjected to imperialistic demands by Japan, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and France. Each nation gained a sphere of influence –a region in which it had exclusive trade, mining, or other economic rights.

14. China

15. China Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion • In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay tried to prevent the United States from being shut out of China by competitors • Hay’s diplomatic note to nations holding spheres of influence asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China • Although his note was met with a cool response, no nation rejected the concept and Hay’s initiative was viewed as a diplomatic triumph • In 1900, a secret patriotic Chinese society called the Boxers attacked missionaries, diplomats, and other foreigners in China in what is known as the Boxer Rebellion • The Boxers were revolting against the intervention of Western powers in China • The Western powers, including the United States, sent troops to restore order • Fearing that imperialistic nations threatened China’s territorial integrity, Hay issued a second round of notes expanding the Open Door Policy to mean that the current boundaries of China should be preserved

16. Japan • In 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry ended Japan’s isolation by negotiating a treaty opening two Japanese ports to American trade. • In the decades that followed Japan carried out a far-reaching modernization program and developed into a major economic and imperial power by 1900.

17. Japan From 1900 to 1941, the United States adopted a foreign policy in Asia that sought to protect American economic, political, and territorial interests by providing a balance of power to restrict Japanese expansion in the Pacific • Japan displayed its growing strength by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth in an effort to protect American territorial possessions and interests in Asia. The negotiations led to an understanding that Japan could remain in Manchuria and annex Korea. • Although Roosevelt was awarded the Noble Peace Prize for his role in the treaty negotiations, Japan’s dissatisfaction with the terms of the treaty increased tension between the two nations • United States agreement to the Japanese takeover of Korea was formalized in the 1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement. In return, Japan would not threaten American possession of the Philippines, which was acquired by the United States at the end of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War.

18. Japan • United States-Japanese relations experienced a setback when, in 1906, the San Francisco public schools placed Asian children in separate classes • The Japanese government condemned the segregation of Japanese school children • In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt achieved a compromise with Japanese officials called the Gentlemen’s Agreement. The agreement resulted in Japan’s halting Japanese emigration to the United States and an end to school segregation in San Francisco • In 1908 the nations also entered into the Root-TakahiraAgreement in which the United States recognized Japan’s interest in Manchuria, while the Japanese agreed to uphold the Open Door Policy and support China’s independence and territorial integrity. In addition, the nations pledged mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions

19. Hawaii • From the beginning of the nineteenth century, Americans – traders, whalers, missionaries – came to Hawaii • Descendents of some of the missionaries developed significant business interests there, namely sugar plantations • In 1887, the United States gained the right to establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor • Although Hawaii remained an independent country ruled by a monarch, the United States dominated the islands politically, economically, and militarily

20. Hawaii • In 1893, American sugar growers carried out a successful revolution against the Hawaiian ruler, Queen Liliuokalani. They were aided by the chief United States diplomat to Hawaii and by American marines • Against the wishes of the Hawaiian people, American planters, motivated by economic interests, asked the United States to annex Hawaii. But President Grover Cleveland opposed expansion by force. Hawaii remained in the hands of the American sugar interests as the independent Republic of Hawaii with Sanford B. Dole as president • By the time of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War, Hawaii was seen as an important military and commercial link to the Philippines and the rest of East Asia. The United States took possession of Hawaii in 1898. Annexation was accomplished by a joint resolution of Congress rather than a treaty.

21. OBJECTIVE Analyze the extent to which the Spanish-American War was a turning point in American foreign policy.

22. Imperialism:The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States began to acquire new territories, making it an imperial power. Most of these territorial gains resulted from the Spanish-American War.

23. Underlying Causes of theSpanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War

24. Underlying Causes of theSpanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War

25. Immediate Causes of the Spanish-American War

26. Jingoism • On the eve of the Spanish-American War, many Americans were in a belligerent and warlike mood. The events in Cuba aroused the anger and passions of many Americans and fed a growing jingoism, or super-patriotism and led to the demand for aggressive actions.

27. Yellow Journalism The Spanish-American War is often referred to as the first "media war." During the 1890s, journalism that sensationalized—and sometimes even manufactured—dramatic events was a powerful force that helped propel the United States into war with Spain. Led by newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, journalism of the 1890s used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers--a style that became known as yellow journalism.

28. Yellow Journalism Yellow journals like the New York Journaland the New York World relied on sensationalist headlines to sell newspapers. William Randolph Hearst understood that a war with Cuba would not only sell his papers, but also move him into a position of national prominence. From Cuba, Hearst's star reporters wrote stories designed to tug at the heartstrings of Americans. Horrific tales described the situation in Cuba--female prisoners, executions, valiant rebels fighting, and starving women and children figured in many of the stories that filled the newspapers.

29. Yellow Journalism Political cartoons and drawings were popular features in 1890s newspapers and the yellow journals of the Spanish-American War era. Before the Spanish-American War began, drawings depicting Spain as evil, Cuba as innocent, and President McKinley as a coward, helped rally sympathy for the Cuban people and fuel a pro-war feeling in America. Illustrations simplified the message that yellow journalists like William Randolph Hearst wanted his readers to buy--Cuba was helpless and the U.S. must intervene.

30. Yellow Journalism Perhaps the most famous anecdote surrounding Hearst's zeal for the war involves a legendary communication between illustrator Frederick Remington and Hearst. As the story goes, Remington, who had been sent to Cuba to cover the insurrection, cabled to Hearst that there was no war to cover. Hearst allegedly replied with, "You furnish the pictures. I'll furnish the war."

31. Yellow Journalism It was the sinking of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor that gave Hearst his big story--war. After the sinking of the Maine, the Hearst newspapers, with no evidence, unequivocally blamed the Spanish, and soon U.S. public opinion demanded intervention

32. Yellow Journalism • Today, historians point to the Spanish-American War as the first press-driven war. Although it may be an exaggeration to claim that Hearst and the other yellow journalists started the war, it is fair to say that the press fueled the public's passion for war. Without sensational headlines and stories about Cuban affairs, the mood for Cuban intervention may have been very different. At the dawn of the twentieth century, the United States emerged as a world power, and the U.S. press proved its influence

33. Fighting theSpanish-American War • In April of 1898, despite Spain’s agreement to an armistice with Cuba, McKinley asked Congress to declare war. Congress complied. • The Congress also approved the Teller Amendment, which promised that the United States would not annex Cuba.

34. Fighting theSpanish-American War • The war lasted four months, with fighting in both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Of the 2,446 Americans who lost their lives, fewer than 400 were killed in combat; the rest died from infection and disease.

35. Results of the Spanish American-War

36. The Results of theSpanish-American War

37. The Results of theSpanish-American War

38. The Results of theSpanish-American War

39. Imperialism: The Great Debate • Ratification of the Treaty of Paris set off a debate in the United States. As with all treaties, it had to be approved by a two-thirds vote by the Senate • The fundamental question was whether the United States should pursue a foreign policy of imperialism- the policy of expanding a nation’s power by acquiring foreign territories

40. Acquiring the Philippines • In February 1899, the Senate approved the Treaty of Paris by a small margin • That January, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been fighting the Spanish for Filipino independence, declared the Philippines an independent republic • A bitter and bloody war between the Filipinos and the United States erupted in 1899 and lasted until 1902. • More than 4,000 Americans and some 16,000 Filipinos were killed in the insurrection. • An additional 200,000 or more Filipinos died from starvation and disease. • The war was characterized by guerilla warfare and brutal atrocities. • In the end, the United States crushed the insurrection and the brought the Philippines under American control

41. Debating Imperialism The bloody fighting in the Philippines fueled a heated debate in American society. Americans in both political parties, in all regions, and from all social classes could be found on either side of the argument. Progressives were also deeply divided.

42. Debating Imperialism Imperialists’ Point of View Anti-Imperialists’ Point of view • the United States needs colonies to compete economically • to be world power, the United States needs to acquire territories and naval bases • it is America’s Manifest Destiny to expand and its duty to spread American ideals to poor, uncivilized peoples • to abandon territories would make the United States appear cowardly before the world • it is only honorable to keep land that Americans lost their lives to obtain • supporting an empire would be a financial burden • the United States should concentrate its energies on solving at home • nonwhite people cannot be assimilated into American society • a empire would involve the United States in more wars • it is a violation of democratic principles to annex land and not offer its people the same rights as those of United States citizens

43. The Constitutionand the Territories From 1901 to 1904, a series of decisions by the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases supported the policy of imperialism • the Court ruled that the Constitution applied only in those territories that Congress decided would be incorporated into the United States • the Court also held that people in annexed territories did not automatically have the rights of United States citizens. Congress had the power to make that decision, based on the status given to a territorial possession

44. Governing the TerritoriesThe United States set up different means of governing its new territories • Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, its first step to statehood, which came in 1959 • The Foraker Act of 1900 provided for a Puerto Rican legislature elected by the people with a governor and a council appointed by the American president. • Puerto Ricans received American citizenship in 1917. • In 1952, Puerto Rico became a commonwealth. This status gives Puerto Rico many of the privileges of statehood, excluding the right to send representatives to Congress.

45. Governing the TerritoriesCuba • U.S. troops remained in Cuba until 1902. American troops were sent to Cuba twice between 1902 and 1922 • Cuban independence was greatly limited by the Platt Amendment (1901), which remained part of the Cuban constitution until 1934 • The Platt Amendment • required that United States approve all treaties between Cuba and other nations • gave the United States the right to lease naval bases in Cuba • allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs

46. Governing the TerritoriesThe Philippines • In 1916, the Jones Act promised to grant the Philippines independence, but the law did not set a date • In 1934, the Philippines were promised independence in ten years. The promise was delayed because of the Second World War but was honored in 1946

47. Keep Off! The Monroe doctrine must be respected.

48. America as a World Power:Latin America Having acquired an empire, the United States found itself increasingly involved around the globe as it protected its new territories and interests. Of particular interest to the United States was Latin America.

49. Expanding the Monroe Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 warned foreign powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. • For several decades, the growing United States rarely enforced the doctrine • It was used, however, to support American annexation of Texas as well as the Mexican War. • It was also used at the end of the Civil War against France, which had set up a puppet government in Mexico and refused to give in to American demands to withdraw. France eventually withdrew after American troops massed along the Mexican border.

50. Expanding the Monroe DoctrineBy the 1890s, the United States was reaffirming and expanding the Monroe Doctrine.