survive to reproduce and proliferate the species

1. Evolution (Ch 15, 16, 17 & 18) Quiz/Test: ‘Quizam’ Review PowerPoint*Will be worth about 50 points in Quarter 4*Three Fourths Multiple Choice, One fourth Short Answer*Bonus Opportunities

2. 1. Explicitly Defined on Fishy Frequencies handout (I know most of you have turned it in already though) • Remember that evolution is defined as a change in the gene frequencies in a population over time.

3. 2. The key idea in natural selection is that individuals with advantageous hereditary characteristics will: survive to reproduce and proliferate the species

4. 3. Write down all of the fancy terms you know to describe the process going on here: • Speciation • Macroevolution • Adaptive radiation • Divergent evolution • Descent with modification

5. 4. True or False: A(n) mutation always aids an organism in its environment. If false, what word should replace the underlined one? • False, adaptation Like opposable Thumb Most Mutations Are harmful http://www.poe-news.com/imgs/story/80993-wolfman.jpg http://www.amniodex.com/images/karyotype.gif

6. 5. Change (in species) over time

7. 6. Fossil • Evidence of a previously living organism BUT NOT that dinosaur toy! http://ec1.images-amazon.com/images/I/4179PX32DYL._SS500_.jpg

8. 7. Mutation • Change to a gene or chromosome of an organism http://www.amniodex.com/images/karyotype.gif http://www.flickr.com/photos/37418570@N03/3715662538/

9. 8. Convergent Evolution • Two unrelated species evolve to have similar traits with similar functions (but different structures) http://www.peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/treeoflife/images/convergence4.jpg

10. Divergent evolution • Organisms evolve from a common ancestor into different species http://www.biol.unipr.it/~palanza/evoluzione-pict/divergenza.gif

11. 10. Most fossils are found in what (scientific) type of rock? • Sedimentary

12. 11. The gist of evolution in five simple words: Change in species over time • Not “dinosaurs are stupid” or any similar choice

13. 12. Which pair of organisms probably have most similar DNA? • A. fish and humans • B. snakes and chickens • C. oak trees and elephants • D. dogs and cats

14. 13. Lamarck • Inheritance of acquired traits

15. 14. Who is the “Father of Evolution” and author of The Origin of Species? • Charles Darwin

16. 15. Why were the Galapagos Islands especially interesting to Charles Darwin? • Islands that were relatively close together were home to vastly different related organisms • All birds, all finches, different beaks because why? Different niches, different food sources

17. 16. What is the most impactful and important process to evolution? • Organisms are naturally selected because they are more fit to survive to reproduce and proliferate the species http://www.dsbn.edu.on.ca/Schools/Collegiate/Departments/Science/biology/meiosis.gif

18. 17. Which would be more impactful: a dominant lethal mutation or a recessive lethal mutation? • A dominant lethal mutation would affect all offspring, limit reproduction and reduce the population

19. 18. In the scientific world, Darwin’s ideas have been: • Mostly accepted, with some persecution &

20. Miller and Urey Early Life Experiment (Questions 19-22) electrode simulating lightning hydrogen methane & Ammonia gases Boiling water will allow water vapor to circulate Most Importantly, flask fills with ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (basic units of life) from abiotic gases http://www.welchclass.com/Biology/evolution/millerurey.JPG

21. 23. Homologous Structures: http://www.peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/treeoflife/images/convergence4.jpg

22. 24. How is the evolutionary relationship of vertebrates supported by common embryology? • Embryos look similar arguing that they all came from a common ancestor • Human embryos have pharyngeal slits

23. 25. Which is used to provide evidence for the theory of evolution?A. fossils C. anatomy and embryologyB. biochemistryD. all of the above

24. Evidence for Macroevolution • Fossil record • Geographical distribution of living species • Homologous structures • Similar embryology • Antibiotic resistance

25. 26. The most recent common ancestor for K and M is • E (so choice C on your paper)

26. 27. Evolution takes place more rapidly among organisms that reproduce sexually rather than those that reproduce asexually. This is true because: • A. sexual reproduction is more hazardous than asexual reproduction, and only the fit survive. • B. asexual reproduction occurs only in one celled organisms. • C. sexual reproduction in more likely to produce a variety of offspring. • Because of crossing over! http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_03_img0265.jpg • D. sexual reproduction is slower than asexual reproduction in producing offspring.

27. 28. What are the current levels of organism classification? • Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, variety • (Take what you’ve heard of before and make it a sandwich- domain and variety are the bread!)

28. 29. What were the two categories that Carolus Linnaeus originally divided all living organisms into in the early 1700’s? • Animal and Vegetable

29. 30. What is the scientific name for this organism? • Felis concolor

30. Vestigial Structures • Many organisms contain structures that have no function but that resemble functional structures of other organisms. • This suggests that the structures are inherited from a common ancestor. • Humans have an appendix that seems to have no apparent function (although we may have needed it in the past to digest food) http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09_4_appendix.html http://www.health-res.com/EX/08-04-07/i2appendicitis.JPG

31. Questions 31-33 • What is the red arrow pointing to? • Vestigial whale Pelvis and femur (leg bone) • What does the evidence above suggest about the ancestors of whales? • That they used to walk • How could vestigial structures like the whale pelvis and femur contribute to the theory of evolution? • That all organisms come from a common ancestor

32. http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/students/whales/whales_files/image001.gifhttp://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/students/whales/whales_files/image001.gif

33. 34. Briefly, describe three ways that you inferred three different fossils from the fossil lab could’ve formed. • Most commonly, in sedimentary rock • Amber resin (http://www.balticamber.com/product832/ product_info.html) • Cast and mold (http://www.flickr.com/photos/greenriver/2618577379/)

34. 35. If you were to make an evolutionary timeline with your arm span- how large a portion would human beings be in existence for? A pinky nail

35. 36. Explain the legs that snakes had long ago, in evolutionary language.37. Explain Great Britain’s peppered moths, in correct evolutionary language. • Just do as you did for Rat Island- use words like random mutation, survival of the fittest, reproduction, inheritance, speciation, etc. http://www.edwardtbabinski.us/articles/snake_vestigial_limb.html

36. Peppered Moth • The Peppered Moth is an • example of Natural Selection • in action discovered by Haldane • During the Industrial Revolution • the trees on which the moth • rested became soot-covered.   • This selected against the allele for pale • color in the population (which were • poorly camouflaged from predators) • and selected for the dark color allele. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Biston.betularia.7200.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane

37. 38. Please explain how we have so many different types of dogs if they are all one species. • The dog is another example of how • selection can change the frequency • of alleles in a population. • Dogs have been artificially selected • for certain characteristics for many • years, and different breeds have • different alleles. • All breeds of dog belong to the same • species, Canis lupus (the wolf) so this • is an example of microevolution as no • new species has resulted. Dogs are all domesticated wolves, just different varieties www.puppy-training-solutions.com/image-files/dog-breed-information.jpg

38. 39. The diagram below shows the most likely pattern of primate evolution. Strand A represents a sequence of DNA found in the chimp. Which of the other DNA sequences most likely represents the bonobo? Strand C, only one DNA difference from strand A http://lolayabonobo.wildlifedirect.org/2008/11/

39. 40. What other aspect of organisms have we seen used to relatively place them [the organisms] on a cladogram? Anatomy 41. Why are we able to agreeably compare organism phenotype and genotype on the same cladogram? DNA codes for anatomy

40. 42. Describe two differences among the following organisms’ cell structures. Every kingdom except Animalia has cell walls Protista and Plantae are the only kingdoms with chloroplasts

41. 43. What hypothesis is supported by the experiment from multiple choice questions 19-22? How life began44. What are the [last] names of the scientists who carried out this experiment in the 1950’s? Miller and Urey http://www.welchclass.com/Biology/evolution/millerurey.JPG