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NACAA AM/PIC 2007 Invasive Species: Arrive, Survive, and Thrive

NACAA AM/PIC 2007 Invasive Species: Arrive, Survive, and Thrive. ‘Tiny Terrors’… The Soybean Aphid. Chris DiFonzo Field Crops Entomology Michigan State University. the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. Secondary host: Glycine max (soybean). fundatrix. June. March. July.

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NACAA AM/PIC 2007 Invasive Species: Arrive, Survive, and Thrive

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  1. NACAA AM/PIC 2007 Invasive Species: Arrive, Survive, and Thrive ‘Tiny Terrors’… The Soybean Aphid Chris DiFonzo Field Crops Entomology Michigan State University

  2. the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura Secondary host: Glycine max (soybean) fundatrix June March July Winter August eggs Sept Fall males Primary host: Rhamnus spp. (buckthorn) gynoparae oviparae

  3. Survive Thrive Arrive General Invasion Process

  4. ARRIVE Siberia Japan China Philippines Thailand Malaysia U.S. 2000 Indonesia Australia 1999

  5. ARRIE • Trade and Tourists • direct flights from Asia • to Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis • - increase in goods imported from Asia

  6. 2000 Discovery ARRIVE Quebec Ontario Introduction near Chicago? Aphids on plant material? Based on an original map by Rob Venette, U.S. Forest Service

  7. ARRIVE SURVIVE Unexploited resource - secondary host (soybean) present - few economic soybean insect pests in the Midwest Lack of Attention ‘No-brainer crop’, ‘GM crop’ Plant - RoundUp - Harvest Didn’t notice initial colonizers

  8. SURVIVE Reproductive biology of aphids Partheno- genesis Born ‘pregnant’ Live Birth

  9. SURVIVE key: Presence of the Primary host • Rhamnus • cathartica • also non • native & • invasive

  10. D. Voegtlin (INHS), Quad Cities, Fall 2006

  11. SURVIVE THRIVE Ontario Quebec 2004 distribution

  12. THRIVE High Reproductive Capacity [Ragsdale lab, Univ. of Minnesota] Doubling time (days) 2 1.5 2 --- Total # nymphs 75 73 23 0 Temp 68oF 77oF 86oF 95oF

  13. THRIVE Tremendous ability to disperse Saginaw MI, August 1st, 2001 Avg 7,000 SBA per plant X plant population X 90% alatoid Potential for 800 million winged SBA generated per acre in early August.

  14. SBA landing on a calm morning. East Lansing, 2005

  15. Toronto invaded by swarms of aphids. Clouds of bugs descend on downtown streets Aug. 3, 2001. “At least they weren't killer bees.” Jays debug the Orioles.Insects take over SkyDome - Toronto crushes BaltimoreBy John McCauley bluejays.com 8/3/2001

  16. THRIVE Inadequate or poorly-timed biocontrol native & non-native predators can’t keep up some years entomo- pathogens infect late lack of parasitoids

  17. THRIVE Outbreaks: 2001, 2003, 2005, some in 2007

  18. Feeding from large #s of Aphids • sucks plant juices • specialized gut removes sugar • amino acid limited Other problems: Sooty mold Honey dew

  19. 8-29-05 Mervyn Erb Impact of direct feeding (thousands of SBA per plant) Early (June) infestation Mid/late (July/Aug) infestation

  20. Other impacts of aphid feeding • nutrients deficiencies (potassium) may increase loss K deficient adequate K

  21. 60 Yield, bu/acre Saginaw County, MI 2005 A 50 50 40 B 36 (-30%) C 30 30 (-40%) 20 D 17 (-70%) 10 0 CRU CRU + WAR WAR UNT • Local Impact – • Yield Loss • plant height • leaf drop • # nodes per plant • # pods per node • # beans per pod • bean quality

  22. Landscape Impact – Virus transmission 160 Western MI, 2003 120 # SBA per trap 80 40 0 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 22 27 June July August Avg # of aphids per trap in squash field (Peaks are made up primarily soybean aphids)

  23. SBA outbreak years (’01, ’03, ’05) in Michigan Bean common mosaic Cucumber mosaic Watermelon mosaic Zucchini yellows Potato virus Y

  24. Economic & Social Impact – Increased pesticide use IL 9% IN 18% MI 42% MN 30% OH 18% 2005 NASS Survey % acreage # of products ---------------------10--------------------- (permethrin, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, esfenvalerate bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, methyl parathion, thiamethoxam) IL < 1% 1 IN 0% 0 MI 0% 0 MN 0% 0 OH <1% 1 1999 NASS Survey % acreage # of products (permethrin, chlorpyrifos)

  25. Post-detection of SBA • Concentrated on insecticides • scouting techniques • thresholds • improve application technology Introduction of soybean rust: “the best thing that ever happened to soybean aphid” - increased focus on scouting, spray technology

  26. http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/ Aphid Suction Trap Network - annual prediction

  27. Medium term: Classical biocontrol Foreign collection Climate matching Quarantine, testing Field release

  28. Long term: Host Plant resistance Pictures courtesy of Dr. Duchen Wang MSU Soybean Breeder Resistant accession Susceptible accession

  29. A source for more information: Annals of the Entomological Society of America Vol. 97, No. 2, March 2004 SPECIAL FEATURE ON SOYBEAN APHID Soybean Aphid Biology in North America Soybean Aphid in China Assessing the SBA Invasion Aphid identification Suitability of Overwintering Hosts Population Dynamics in China   Soybean Aphid Predators Prospects for Classical Biological Control

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