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The Geosphere

The Geosphere. What is the GEOSPHERE?. All solid parts of Earth Rocks, soils, minerals, sediments, magma. The Grand Canyon, AZ. Layers of the Earth. Crust - O, Si, Al Mantle - O, Si, Mg, Fe Core - Fe, Ni. Geologists classify Earth’s layers two ways: chemically and physically

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The Geosphere

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  1. The Geosphere

  2. What is the GEOSPHERE? • All solid parts of Earth • Rocks, soils, minerals, sediments, magma The Grand Canyon, AZ

  3. Layers of the Earth • Crust- O, Si, Al • Mantle- O, Si, Mg, Fe • Core- Fe, Ni • Geologists classify Earth’s layers two ways: chemically and physically • Chemical – by composition • Physical- by structure Chemical Layers of the Earth

  4. Remember… CruManCo Chemical Company

  5. Physical Layers of the Earth • Lithosphere • Crust and upper mantle combined • Broken in chunks called tectonic plates • Oceanic plates are thinner and denser than continental plates • Asthenosphere • Layer of Jello-like magma in the mantle • Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere

  6. Physical Layers, cont. • Mesosphere • The rest of the mantle; molten rock • Outer Core • Liquid metal • Surrounds inner core • Inner Core • Densest layer • Solid metal

  7. Remember… LAMOI, The physical trainer

  8. Theory of Plate Tectonics • Lithosphere (upper mantle and crust) is divided into pieces called tectonic plates. • These plates glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice drifts across a pond. • Continents are located on tectonic plates and move around with them

  9. Plate Boundaries • The area where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. • Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur at or near plate boundaries Three main types of plate boundaries: • Divergent- separating • Convergent- colliding • Transform- scraping past

  10. Tectonic Plates Active Volcanoes Earthquakes Worldwide

  11. Transform Boundaries • 2 plates slide past each other • This sliding is not smooth. Plates lock and build up tension. After too much tension builds, the plates “snap” and move against each. • Causes earthquakes

  12. Divergent Boundaries • When two plates separate • Most common on ocean floor • Creates Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is visible on land in Iceland

  13. Divergence Forms New Ocean Floor

  14. Convergent Boundaries • Three Main Types: • Continental & Oceanic- causes deep ocean trench and land • volcanoes Ex: Andes Mountains • 2. Oceanic & Oceanic- causesdeep ocean trench and island arc • (chain of volcanic mountains) Ex: Mariana islands and Mariana • trench • 3. Continental & Continental- causes • large land mountain ranges • Ex: Himalayan Mountains

  15. Subduction Zone Continental + Oceanic Crust

  16. Subduction ZoneOceanic + Oceanic Crust

  17. Subduction Zone Oceanic + Oceanic Crust (another view)

  18. Continental + Continental Crust

  19. Some videos for your viewing pleasure… Plate Movement: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE&feature=endscreen&NR=1 San Andreas Fault: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=ZxPTLmg0ZCw&feature=endscreen

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