Plant Overview and Reproduction

1. Plant Overview and Reproduction Pre-AP Biology

2. What Is a Plant? • Members of the kingdom Plantae • Plants are multicellular eukaryotes • Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. • Plants develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b

3. Overview of the Plant Kingdom • Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on three important features: • Water conducting tissues • Seeds • Flowers

6. The Plant Life Cycle • Characterized by alternation of generations: the two generations are the haploid (N) gametophyte, or gamete-producing plant, and the diploid (2N) sporophyte, or spore-producing plant.

8. Monocots and Dicots • Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, and dicots have two seed leafs

10. Reproduction of Seed Plants Chapters 24

11. Life Cycle of Gymnosperms • Reproduction in gymnosperms takes place in cones • Male cones produce – pollen grains • Female cones produce – ovules

14. Flowers and Fruits • Angiosperms have unique reproductive organs known as flowers. Q: Why are flowers evolutionary adaptations? A: they attract animals that pollinate them

16. Structure of Flowers • Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of 4 kinds of specialized leaves

18. Sepals • Enclose the bud before it opens, leaf-like

19. Petals • Brightly colored, attract insects to flower

20. Stamen • Male reproductive structure of flower, made of 2 parts • Filament – long, thin, stalk that supports the anther • Anther – makes pollen grains Anther Filament Anther + Filament = Stamen

23. Pistil • Female reproductive structure, made of 3 parts

24. Stigma • where pollen grains land, sticky

25. Style • Connects stigma to ovary Style

26. Ovary • swollen base of the pistil where ovules are formed

28. Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds • After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.

29. Fruit • Ripened ovary, thick wall of tissue that surrounds the seed

31. Pollen • Pollen Grain • Contains the male gamete

32. Pollination • The transfer of pollen from the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte

33. Seeds • An embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply

34. Embryo • Early development stage of a sporophyte plant • The seed’s food supply provides nutrients to the embryo as it grows

35. Seed Coat • Surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out • Can be specialized for dispersal

37. Pollination • Most gymnosperms (some angiosperms) are wind pollinated • Most angiosperms are pollinated by animals • Insect pollination beneficial to insects and other animals: provides them with food • Plants also benefit: this method of pollination is more efficient

38. Seed Dispersal • Animals • Wind and water

41. Ultraviolet Flowers