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3.4 The Soil System Your tasks

3.4 The Soil System Your tasks. Match these up with the correct letter Bedrock. Leaf litter and dead organics . Layer where soluble minerals and organic matter from above ends up .

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3.4 The Soil System Your tasks

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  1. 3.4 The Soil SystemYour tasks

  2. Match these up with the correct letter Bedrock. Leaf litter and dead organics. Layer where soluble minerals and organic matter from above ends up. Layer with a mix of humus from above and minerals from below with many living organisms eg fungi, bacteria, worms… Weathered bed rock, breaking into smaller and smaller particles. Region where minerals and organic matter have been leached leaving silica behind. O – A – E – B – C – R - http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/soil/soillayers.GIF

  3. Structure of a soil What are these? Why are they important? What are these? Insoluble rock particles Where do they come from? Why are they important? What is it? Humus Where does it come from? Why is it important? What are these? What job do they do? Why are they important? What is it? Water How does it get here? Where does it go from here? Why is it important? http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vroimages.nsf/Images/soilhealth_soil_structure/$File/soilhealth_soil_structure.gif

  4. True? False? Correct the false ones. Read pages 224-225 • The soil layer forms at the border between the biosphere and the lithosphere. • The pedosphere is influenced by the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. • Soil is made up of abiotic components. • Its main components are: mineral particles from the atmosphere, organic remains from dead plants and animals, water in the soil particles and air in the spaces between soil particles. • It is a habitat for plants and animals. • Soil is non-porous.

  5. IB question: Outline how soils integrate aspects of living systems

  6. Soil Processes - Translocation Means: The movement of water within the soil - it can be either ………… or ……………….. Water http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/soil/soillayers.GIF

  7. Soil Processes - Salinization In (wet / dry) climates, where …………………… is higher than precipitation, water moves ……. the soil taking dissolved minerals with it and depositing them on the surface. Salinization is (bad / good) for plants. Water http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/soil/soillayers.GIF

  8. Soil Processes - Leaching • In (dry / wet)regions, where there more …………………………. than evaporation, the water moves ……………………. towards the bedrock taking dissolved minerals away from the surface. This leaves the soil (less / more) fertile. Water http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/soil/soillayers.GIF

  9. Soil Processes - Podsolization • In very wet regions, where there is lots more • …………………………………… • than …………………………………, and there is extreme leaching of the minerals to make the soil acidic with a nutrient poor bleached ‘A horizon’ and a very red ‘B horizon’ full of Iron oxide Water http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/soil/soillayers.GIF

  10. Soil Processes - Gleying • When the water cannot …………………………… the soil becomes waterlogged and the air spaces in the soil fill and so become (rich/poor) in oxygen making a very blue/grey soil– eg a rice paddy. Tends to become nitrate poor due to nitrifying bacteria needing oxygen to create nitrates. Microsoft Clip art

  11. ‘Draw’ a systems diagram to show the movement of nutrients coming from water, organic matter and minerals through the soil system. Boxes and arrows • Show the transfers and transformations and label the processes and stores.. Jill Rutherford - Environmental Systems and Societies Course Companion (Page 230)– Oxford University Press

  12. Different types of soil • Clay particles <0.002mm diameter • Silt particles 0.002 – 0.005mm diam. • Sand particles 0.005mm + diameter Think colours! http://www.atpm.com/9.08/images/design-color_triangle.gif http://www.sciencebuddies.org/mentoring/project_ideas/EnvSci_img014.jpg

  13. What percentage mix of sand and silt and clay does a medium loam have?

  14. Properties of soil types: complete the table using the phrases from the next slide

  15. Properties of soil types

  16. Use the table above to explain why loam is the ideal soil type for high productivity. Loam…

  17. IB question: Compare AND contrast the structure and properties of sand, clay and loam soils, including their effect on primary productivity.

  18. Soil Degradation - Overgrazing Causes: Effects: Microsoft Clip art

  19. Soil Degradation - Deforestation Causes: Effects: Microsoft Clip art

  20. Soil Degradation – unsustainable agriculture Monoculture means… Negative effects on soil: Empty fields: Negative effects: Up and down ploughing: Negative effects: Pesticides: Negative effects: Burning stubble: Negative effects: Microsoft Clip art

  21. Soil Degradation - Irrigation Problems for soil: Microsoft Clip art

  22. Soil Degradation – Toxifi_ _ _ _ _ _ The build up of toxic / poisonous chemicals in the soils can kill beneficial organisms in the soil eg. earthworms, bacteria and fungi. Microsoft Clip art

  23. Soil degradation at its worst: Desertification Causes and effects in The Sahel Map of Sahel: Causes: Effects:

  24. Solution- Terracing http://biagkensiak.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/banaue-rice-terraces-715556.jpg

  25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_plowing Solutions: Contour ploughing http://www.cottoninc.com/Soil-Resources/Controlling-Soil-Erosion/images/ContourPlowing.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ozsvath/images/contour%20plowing.jpg

  26. Solution: Trees as a windbreak Image and explanation needed

  27. Solution: Drip irrigation Image and explanation needed

  28. Solutions : Set-aside A set aside strip between two fields. Image by - Walter Baxter http://www.yourlocalweb.co.uk/images/pictures/24/48/a-set-aside-strip-between-two-fields-241790.jpg

  29. http://www.strandtea.com/shop/images/uploads/inline-images/sustainable-agriculture.jpghttp://www.strandtea.com/shop/images/uploads/inline-images/sustainable-agriculture.jpg Also known as poly-culture Image needed and explanation Solutions: Multi Cropping

  30. What is a soil conditioner? Solution: Soil Conditioning Soil Remediation – Conditioning - • A material added to soil to enhance plant growth.

  31. Solution – Hydroponics http://www.blackmaxozone.com.au/img/assets/gary/gel%20hydroponics%20alberton%20qld%203.jpg

  32. Solution: Crop Rotation http://www.betterhensandgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/Crop-Rotation.jpg

  33. Solution - Biological Pest Control http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Damselflies/OrangeDamselflyEatingMosquito.jpg

  34. Solution- Reforestation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation http://www.treehugger.com/peru-national-reforestation-campaign.jpg

  35. Challenge: IB question: without using the previous slides to help, Outline the processes and consequences of soil degradation and possible soil conservation measures.

  36. If extra time: Review questions pg 239-240 textbook

  37. Named commercial farming system: North American prairies cereal farming Soil management techniques:

  38. Named subsistence farming system: Burkina Faso subsistencefarming Soil management techniques:

  39. IB question: Evaluate the soil management strategies used in two contrasting farming systems.

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