C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

1. C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 33

2. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

3. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

4. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1. The perfect subjunctive and optative • The subjunctive exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. • Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect subjunctive, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

5. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1. The perfect subjunctive and optative • Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present subjunctive of εἰμί. • γεγραφότες ὦσι, literally “having written, they are”  “they have been written.” • γεγραμμένοι ὦσι, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

6. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1. The perfect subjunctive and optative • The optative exists in only two tenses, the present and aorist. • Shelmerdine shows forms for the perfect optative, but these are rare and of restricted use, so you may safely ignore them.

7. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 1. The perfect subjunctive and optative • Greek uses a periphrastic (using multiple words to substitute for a single one) construction: the perfect participle + the present optative of εἰμί. • γεγραφότες εἶεν, literally “having written, they are”  “they have been written.” • γεγραμμένοι εἶεν, literally “having been written, they are”  “they have been written.”

8. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

9. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. The numbers one, two, three and four decline(see 33.3), but the rest do not: one: εἷς, μία, ἕν two: δύο three: τρεῖς, τρία four: τέτταρες, τέτταρα

10. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five: πέντε six: ἕξ seven: ἑπτά eight: ὀκτώ nine: ἐννέα ten: δέκα

11. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: eleven: ἕνδεκα twelve: δώδεκα thirteen: τρεῖς καὶ δέκα fourteen: τέτταρες καὶ δέκα fifteen: πεντεκαίδεκα

12. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: sixteen: ἑκκαίδεκα seventeen: ἑπτακαίδεκα eighteen: ὀκτωκαίδεκα nineteen: ἐννεακαίδεκα twenty: εἴκοσι(ν) twenty one: εἷςκαὶ εἴκοσι(ν)κτλ

13. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: thirty: τριάκοντα forty: τετταράκοντα fifty: πεντήκοντα sixty: ἑξήκοντα seventy: ἑβδομήκοντα eighty: ὀγδοήκοντα

14. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. Numbers two hundred and higher decline again: ninety: ἐνενήκοντα hundred: ἑκατόν two hundred: διακόσιοι –αι –α three hundred: τριακόσιοι –αι –α four hundred: τετρακόσιοι –αι –α

15. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five hundred:πεντακόσιοι –αι –α six hundred:ἑξακόσιοι –αι –α seven hundred: ἑπτακόσιοι –αι –α eight hundred: ὀκτακόσιοι –αι –α nine hundred: ἐνακόσιοι –αι –α thousand: χίλιοι –αι –α

16. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: two thousand:δισχίλιοι –αι –α three thousand:τρισχίλιοι –αι –α ten thousand: μύριοι –αι –α twenty thousand: δισμύριοι –αι –α (δύο μυριάδες) hundred thousand: δεκακισμύριοι –αι –α hundred million: μυριάκις μύριοι–αι –α

17. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • In the classical period, inscriptions show the following numerals: 6. Γ | 10. Δ(δέκα) 20. ΔΔ 100. Η (ἑκατόν) 200. ΗΗ 1000. Χ (χίλιοι) 10,000. Μ (μύριοι) 1.| 2.|| 3.||| 4.|||| 5.Γ 50. Γ 6000. Γ Χ Δ Χ

18. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 1.α’ 2. β’ 3. γ’ 4. δ’ 5. ε’ 6.ς’ 7. ζ’ 8. η’ 9. θ’ 10. ι’ 11. ια’κτλ

19. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 20.κ’ 30. λ’ 40. μ’ 50. ν’ 60. ξ’ 70. ο’ 80.π’ 90.Ϙ’ 100. ρ’ 200. σ’ 300. τ’ 400. υ’

20. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 500.φ’ 600. χ’ 700. ψ’ 800. ω’ 900.’ 1,000.͵α 2,000.͵β 3,000.͵γ 10,000.͵μ 20,000.͵κ 100,000.͵ρ €

21. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: first: πρῶτος –η –ον second: δεύτερος –α –ον third: τρίτος –η –ον fourth: τέταρτος –η –ον fifth: πέμπτος –η –ον sixth: ἕκτος –η –ον

22. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: seventh: ἕβδομος –η –ον eighth: ὄγδοος –α –ον ninth: ἔνατος –η –ον tenth: δέκατος –η –ον eleventh: ἐνδέκατος –η –ον twelfth: δωδέκατος –η –ον

23. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: thirteenth: τρίτος καὶ δέκατος κτλ twentieth: εἰκοστός –ή –όν thirtieth: τριακοστός –ή –όν fortieth: τετταρακοστός –ή –όν fiftieth: πεντηκοστός –ή –όν sixtieth: ἑξηκοστός –ή –όν

24. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: seventieth: ἑβδομηκοστός –ή –όν eightieth: ὀγδοηκοστός –ή –όν ninetieth: ἐνενηκοστός –ή –όν hundredth: ἑκατοστός –ή –όν

25. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

26. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number one declines as follows(the masculine and neuter use 3rd declension endings; the feminine follows the first declension): masculine Nom. εἷς Gen. ἑνός Dat.ἑνί Acc.ἕνα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. μία Gen. μιᾶς Dat.μιᾷ Acc.μίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. ἕν Gen. ἑνός Dat.ἑνί Acc.ἕν Voc. = Nom. Masc. nom sg. ἑνς εἱς

27. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number two declines as follows(these are the older, “dual” endings, lost from most Greek words): masc/fem/neut Nom. δύο Gen. δυοῖν Dat.δυοῖν Acc.δύο Voc. = Nom.

28. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number three declines as follows(3rd declension): masc/fem Nom. τρεῖς Gen. τριῶν Dat.τρισί Acc.= Nom. Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. τρία Gen. τριῶν Dat.τρισί Acc.= Nom. Voc. = Nom.

29. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number four declines as follows(3rd declension): masc/fem Nom. τέτταρες Gen. τεττάρων Dat.τέτταρσι Acc.τέτταρας Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. τέτταρα Gen. τεττάρων Dat.τέτταρσι Acc.= Nom. Voc. = Nom.

30. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

31. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 4. The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • The number onewith the prefix οὐδεserves as “no one, nothing”: masculine Nom. οὐδείς Gen. οὐδενός Dat.οὐδενί Acc.οὐδένα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. οὐδεμία Gen. οὐδεμιᾶς Dat.οὐδεμιᾷ Acc.οὐδεμίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. οὐδέν Gen. οὐδενός Dat.οὐδενί Acc.οὐδέν Voc. = Nom.

32. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 4. The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • When μήis used instead of οὐ, make the same substitution (οὐδείς  μηδείς κτλ) masculine Nom. μηδείς Gen. μηδενός Dat.μηδενί Acc.μηδένα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. μηδεμία Gen. μηδεμιᾶς Dat.μηδεμιᾷ Acc.μηδεμίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. μηδέν Gen. μηδενός Dat.μηδενί Acc.μηδέν Voc. = Nom.

33. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

34. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • This chapter presents clauses of fearing. • In both Greek and English, verbs which refer to fear set up clauses which explain what the speaker fears. • In English, “that,” or no conjunction at all, can set up such a clause: • I am afraid (that) the enemy is coming.

35. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • In Greek, a verb of fearing sets up a clause beginning with μή, which, even though it technically means “not,” must be omitted in translation.

36. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται. • I am afraid the enemy is coming. • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οὐ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται. • I am afraid the enemy is not coming. • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἦλθον. • I am afraid the enemy came.

37. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • If the feared event is some possibility in the future, the verb in the fearing clause changes to the subjunctive or optative. • As with other clauses, in primary sequence the verb becomes subjunctive, while in secondary sequence it generally becomes optative.

38. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχωνται. • I am afraid the enemy will (could, might) come. • ἐφοβούμην μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχοιντο. • I was afraid the enemy wouldcome.

39. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

40. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • Previous chapters have introduced direct questions (24.4, 25.4, 29.4, 29.6). • Where are the people? • An indirect question is one reported rather than asked directly. • I know where the people are.

41. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • Greek may mark indirect questions in one or both of two ways. • The indirect question usually has a different interrogative than the direct question. • Following a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), the verb of the indirect question may change to the optative mood.

42. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • Recall that ἆραsets up a yes/no question. • ἆρ’ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν; • Are the people near? • In an indirect questions, εἰnormally replaces ἆρα. • ἐρωτῶ εἰ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν. • I ask if (whether) the people are near.

43. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • For other interrogatives, the indefinite form (usually created by adding the prefix ὁ-) replaces the direct form. • ποῦ οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν; • Where are the people ? • ἐρωτῶ ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. • I ask where the people are.

44. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • As with indirect statement, English will backshift the tense but Greek will not. • ἐρωτῶ ὅπουοἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. • I ask where the people are. • ἠρόμην ὅπουοἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. • I asked where the people were.

45. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • But in secondary sequence, Greek may change the verb of the indirect question to the optative. • ἠρόμην ὅπουοἱ ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν. • ἠρόμην ὅπουοἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶεν. • I asked where the people were.

46. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 for next class (Thursday, April 28, 2011): • Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 34 • from Conjunctions: omit ἔστε • Continue Xenophon

47. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ἐν δὲ τούτῳ, ἐπεὶ ἡ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ὕλη ὑπὸ στρατιώτου τινὸς ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πόλυ κατεκαύθη, ῥᾷον ἦν τῷ Δημοσθένει εὑρίσκειν ὁπόσοι εἰσὶν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ὅπου ἔξεστιν ἀποβαίνειν. Κλέων δέ στρατιὰν ἔχων ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Πύλον. οἱ δὲ στρατηγοί, πάντας τοὺς ὁπλίτας νυκτὸς ἐπιβιβάσαντες ἐπ' ὀλίγας ναῦς, ὀλίγον τῆς νήσου ἀπέβαινον ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ ἐχώρουν δρόμῳ ἐπὶ τὸ πρῶτον φυλακτήριον· τοὺς δὲ φύλακας λανθάνουσιν ἀποβαίνοντες εἰς γῆν καὶ εὐθὺς διαφθείρουσιν ἔτι ἀναλαμβάνοντας τὰ ὅπλα.

48. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ἐν δὲ τούτῳ, ἐπεὶ ἡ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ὕλη ὑπὸ στρατιώτου τινὸς ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πόλυ κατεκαύθη, ῥᾷον ἦν τῷ Δημοσθένει εὑρίσκειν ὁπόσοιεἰσὶν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ὅπου ἔξεστιν ἀποβαίνειν. Κλέων δέ στρατιὰν ἔχων ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Πύλον. οἱ δὲ στρατηγοί, πάντας τοὺς ὁπλίτας νυκτὸς ἐπιβιβάσαντες ἐπ' ὀλίγας ναῦς, ὀλίγον τῆς νήσου ἀπέβαινονἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ ἐχώρουν δρόμῳ ἐπὶ τὸ πρῶτον φυλακτήριον· τοὺς δὲ φύλακας λανθάνουσιν ἀποβαίνοντες εἰς γῆν καὶεὐθὺς διαφθείρουσιν ἔτι ἀναλαμβάνοντας τὰ ὅπλα.

49. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ὕστερον δὲ πᾶς ὁ ἄλλος στρατὸς ἀπέβη πλὴν τῶν ἐν τῇ Πύλῳ φυλάκων. οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὡς εἶδον τὸ φυλακτήριον διεφθαρμένον καὶ στρατὸν προχωροῦντα, τοῖς ὁπλίταις τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσέβαλλον, βουλόμενοι εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν. οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, αἰσθόμενοι αὐτοὶ πολλῷ πλείονες ὄντες τῶν πολεμίων, ἔβαλλον λίθοις τε καὶ τοξεύμασιν. τέλος δὲ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐχώρησαν εἰς τὸ ἔσχατον φυλακτήριον τῆς νήσου.

50. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 ὕστερον δὲ πᾶς ὁ ἄλλος στρατὸς ἀπέβη πλὴν τῶν ἐν τῇ Πύλῳ φυλάκων. οἱ δὲ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ὡς εἶδον τὸ φυλακτήριον διεφθαρμένον καὶ στρατὸν προχωροῦντα, τοῖς ὁπλίταις τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσέβαλλον, βουλόμενοι εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν. οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, αἰσθόμενοι αὐτοὶ πολλῷ πλείονες ὄντες τῶν πολεμίων, ἔβαλλον λίθοις τε καὶ τοξεύμασιν. τέλος δὲ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐχώρησαν εἰς τὸ ἔσχατον φυλακτήριον τῆς νήσου.