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Ranking Flammability using Small-Scale Tests

Explore testing methods like Microscale Combustion Calorimetry, FAA Flammability Tests, and Heat Release Rate to assess materials' fire behavior and ignition resistance. Understand the Heat Release Capacity and its impact on ignitability.

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Ranking Flammability using Small-Scale Tests

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  1. RANKING FLAMMABILITY USING SMALL SCALE TEST OUTLINE OF TALK Flammability • Ignition Resistance (0, 90, 60,45 Bunsen burner) • Fire Behavior (OSU, seat cushion test, radiant panel) Microscale Combustion Calorimetry • Operation and Theory • Comparison of Results for Hidden Materials • Heat Release Rate (OSU) • Bunsen Burner tests • Smoke Density • Radiant Panel • 1/4-scale tests

  2. FAA FLAMMABILITY TESTS Bunsen Burner Tests OSU HRR Test Seat Cushion Oil Burner Test Radiant Panel Test

  3. SCALES OF FLAMMABILITY TESTING Microscale Combustion Calorimetry Flame Tests Fire Tests Bench-Scale Component-Scale Milligram Gram Metric Ton Kilogram SAMPLE SIZE

  4. . HRR = HRP qnet . = HRR0 + HRP qext STEADY BURNING: Nylon 6 data 2000 PA6 1500 Slopes = HRP 1000 Heat Release Rate, kW/m2 HRR0 (kW/m2) Ignitability 500 HRP 230 14 Intercepts = HRR0 148 21 Fire Response 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 External Heat Flux, kW/m2

  5. IGNITABILITY: UL 94 vs. HRR0 41 polymers, blends, and composites. HB V2 UL 94 Rating Self-Extinguishing Self-Propagating V1 V0 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 HRR0, kW/m2 (in cone calorimeter)

  6. 2000 50 kW/m2 HDPE 1500 PA66 ABS Peak HRR, kW/m2 PP 1000 PMMA HIPS PET 2 500 PC POM PVC PVDF FEP PPS R = 0.93 PEI 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K HEAT RELEASE RATE AND HEAT RELEAE CAPACITY The Heat Release Capacity (HRC), is related to the heat release rate (HRR) in flaming combustion HRR = () HRC  HRC • = Flaming combustion efficiency  = Density  = Pyrolysis depth  = Surface heating rate

  7. HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY AND FLAMMABILITY IGNITABILITY Self extinguishing when: HRR0 HRR* = HRC* HEAT RELEASE RATE For a particular heat flux (e.g., 3.5 W/cm2): HRR  HRC*

  8. MEASURING HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY Gas Scrubber Gas Flow- meter O2 Meter Exhaust Combustion O2 DAQ N2 Pyrolysis Sample Pyrolysis-Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) Flaming Combustion

  9. FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MILLIGRAM SAMPLES FAA/Galaxy Invention TGA Combustion Accessory Stand Alone Device

  10. 260 W/g  = 1 K/s HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY FROM PCFC

  11. 500 400 300 200 100 0 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 PCFC DATA & FIRE TESTS Relevant FAA Flammability Test Combustion Calorimetry Data • OSU HRR • Bunsen Burner Ignition • Radiant Panel • Oil Burner Seat Test PMMA Burning Rate Heat of Combustion Heat Release Rate (W/g) • Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter • Setchkins Furnace • Glow Wire Ignition Ignition Temperature Temperature (°C)

  12. Halogen containing IGNITION RESISTANCE (UL 94) AND HRC UL 94 Rating HB V2 Flammability V1 V0 10 100 1000 10,000 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K

  13. Halogen containing IGNITION RESISTANCE (LOI) AND HRC 100 80 60 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), %O2 40 20 0 10 100 1000 10,000 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K

  14. 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 12 SECOND VERTICAL BURN TEST AND HRC 10 Hidden Materials 8 6 Burn Time (seconds) 4 Burn Length (cm) 2 0 -2 HRC (J/g-K)

  15. 100 10 1 4 10 100 1000 10 FIRE (HRP) AND MATERIAL (HRC) PROPERTIES Engineering Plastics Commodity Plastics  Hidden Area Components HRP = qnet HRC  HEAT RELEASE PARAMETER  cp Slope should be relatively constant for plastics for well-ventilated burning HRC (J/g-K)

  16. 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 HRR (OSU PEAK) AND HRC Engineering Thermoplastics (0.060 inch sheet) OSU Peak HRR, kW/m2 R = 0.72 Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K

  17. 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 NBS SMOKE DENSITY AND HRC Hidden Materials s Smoke Density, D HRC (J/g-K)

  18. 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 RADIANT PANEL TEST AND HRC Hidden Materials BURN TIME, seconds HRC (J/g-K)

  19. MPET (262 J/g-K) PET3 (250 J/g-K) PET00 (155 J/g-K) PET1 (138 J/g-K) PVF1 (120 J/g-K) PI-O (47 J/g-K) PUF block, Baseline TEMPERATURE RISE AND HRC OF INSULATION BAGS INTERMEDIATE SCALE TEST AND HRC

  20. 0 50 100 150 200 250 HIDDEN MATERIALS: Accident Investigation Metalized Mylar Bag Hook & Loop (married) Cockpit Headliner F L A MMA B L E GRP Duct Plastic Conduit Ceiling Panel (back) Flexside Duct Pass OSU HRR Pass Bunsen Burner Ceiling Panel (face) Silicone Rubber Foam Core Duct HRC (J/g-K) SwissAir 111 Database

  21. FLAMMABILITY (HRC) RANKING BY COST 1000 Common Plastics PE PP ABS PS PPO NYLON 66 Flammable Epoxy PU Polyarylate PET PMMA Polysulfone PC (J/g-K) PVC (rigid) PVF (TEDLAR) PES POM PPS PEEK 100 PEI LCP's PEK Phenolic PPSF Current Aircraft PAI Specialty Plastics Flammability (KAPTON) PI 10 Resin Plastic FAA Research Plastics FAA Goal 0.1 1 10 100 Price of Plastic ($/lb)

  22. CONCLUSIONS • Heat release capacity HRC is a qualitative predictor of fire performance and flammability of aircraft materials • Swelling, dripping, and barrier formation influence flame/fire tests but do not effect HRC.

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