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Plant Structures

Learn about the deepest roots, tallest trees, largest leaf, slowest and fastest growing plants, and different types of roots and plant tissues.

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Plant Structures

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  1. Plant Structures AP Biology Unit 5

  2. Extreme Plants! • Deepest Root: • fig tree in South Africa • roots that extend 120 m (393.7 ft) into the ground • Tallest Tree: • Sequoia tree in the Redwood National Park (CA) • 379 ft, 4 inches (in 2006) • Oldest Tree • Bristlecone pine cut down in Mt. Wheeler, Nevada in 1963 • Estimated to be 5200 years old Images taken without permission from http://www.gagfactory.com/photos/usa1999/part06/moreton_bay_fig_tree.jpg and http://www.nps.gov/archive/seki/shrm_pic.htm

  3. Extreme Plants! • Largest leaf: • raffia palm and Amazonian bamboo • can have leaves up to 65 ft in length. • Alocasia Macrorrhiza has the longest undivided leaf • 9 feet long, 6 feet wide Images taken without permission from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/images3/leaf.JPG&imgrefurl=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long330.html&h=259&w=195&sz=12&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=1oWtKUiri7q7nM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amazonian%2Bbamboo%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D and http://www.raffiaonline.com/imgs/about-page/raffia-palm.jpg

  4. Extreme Plants! • Slowest growing tree: • A white cedar in Canada • has only grown to a height of 4 inches and 0.6 oz over the course of 155 years. • Fastest Growing Plant: • Some species of bamboo • grow up to 3 ft in a day Images taken without permission from http://www.ponnitai.com/database/thuja/occidentalis/europe_gold2.jpg andhttp://www.landoftheanxiousdog.com/images/bamboo.jpg

  5. Roots • The function of roots in a plant is to • Anchor plant • Absorb water and minerals • Store organic nutrients (starch)

  6. Types of Roots • Types of roots include: • Taproot • Fibrous Root • Adventitious Root

  7. Taproot • One main root • Lateral roots (smaller side roots) come off of main root • Good for storage of organic nutrients (starch) • Ex. carrots, turnips Img Src: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/New%20Bio%20Web%20Pix/OPTIMIZED%20BIO%20PLANT%20PARTS/3%20root%20systems.jpg

  8. Fibrous Roots • Lots of smaller roots (no main root) • Large surface area (good for absorbing water and nutrients) • Clings to soil well– prevents erosion (washing away) • Ex. grass Img Src: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/New%20Bio%20Web%20Pix/OPTIMIZED%20BIO%20PLANT%20PARTS/3%20root%20systems.jpg

  9. Adventitious Root • Roots that grow out of plant parts above ground (like the stem or the leaves) • Allows plants to re-establish selves even after stem has been cut off, lends support • Ex. Corn, banyan trees, some palms use them for additional support Img Src: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gardens/New%20Bio%20Web%20Pix/OPTIMIZED%20BIO%20PLANT%20PARTS/3%20root%20systems.jpg

  10. Root hairs • Located just after the root tips • Tiny projections that increase the surface area on the root for water and mineral absorption

  11. Question… • What kind of roots would a landscape architect want to have in plants (s)he puts on a steep hillside to prevent a landslide from occurring • Fibrous roots– holds the soil better, so there won’t be erosion.

  12. This whole thing is a leaf! Parts of a Leaf • A leaf consists of • Blade • Petiole Img Src: http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4leaf.jpg

  13. Parts of a Leaf • The leaf is also where most photosynthesis takes place • Leaves can also be modified for support, reproduction, protection and storage. • Ex. Spines on a cactus, flower petals, onions

  14. Cuticle Epidermis Epidermis Guard Cells Stoma Cuticle Parts of a leaf Palisade Mesophyll Cells Bundle Sheath Cells Xylem Vein Phloem Spongy Mesophyll Cells

  15. Question… • In which cells would the most photosynthesis take place– palisade or spongy mesophyll? • Palisade mesophyll– because they are at the top, they have the most access to sunlight.

  16. Plant Tissues • 3 types • Dermal Tissue • Outer covering of the plant • Includes epidermis, cuticle, guard cells • Vascular Tissue • All transport systems (xylem and phloem) • Ground Tissue • Everything else in the plant • Storage, support, photosynthesis

  17. Plant Cell Organelles • Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis • Mitochondria (also present in animal cells) • Site of cellular respiration • Tonoplast • For water storage • Leucoplast • For starch storage

  18. Plant Cells- Transport • Water-conducting cells (Make up the xylem) • Sugar-conducting cells (Make up the Phloem)

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