Solid & Hazardous Wastes

1. Solid & Hazardous Wastes

2. 1장. 폐기물의 정의와 분류

3. I. 폐기물의 정의와 분류 • 1. 폐기물이란 ? • ‘쓰레기, 연소재, 오니, 폐유, 폐산, 폐알칼리, 동물의 사체 등으로서 사람의 생활이나 사업활동에 필요하지 아니하게 된 물질 (폐기물 관리법)’ • [논점] • 주관성 : 개인적 필요성/유용성과 사회적 필요성/유용성 • 폐수와의 구별 (액상; 고형물함량 5% 이하, 반고상, 고상폐기물: 고형물 함량 15% 이상) • 환경에의 영향성 2. 폐기물의 분류 [논점] - 생활폐기물 중 유해폐기물 - 이론적 분류와 법적 분류 생활폐기물 폐기물 사업장 일반폐기물 사업장폐기물 건설폐기물 산업유해폐기물 지정폐기물 ※ 방사능 폐기물 별도 감염성폐기물

4. 원 료 물 질 (원료, 광물, 목재, 농수산물) 폐기 원료 가공 잔재물 제 조 및 가 공 회수/재생 2차가공 소 비 원료, 제품, 회수물질 흐름 최 종 처 분 폐기물 흐름 폐기물의 발생과 순환 2. 폐기물의 발생과 순환

5. 3. 폐기물 관리체계의 우선순위 폐기물 처리방향 Order of exploration First Last Relative environmental desirability High Low Source reduction (발생억제) Recycling(on- & off-site) (재활용) Waste treatment (처리) Recovery and reuse (회수 및 재이용) Reclamation (처리 및 재활용) Product changes (제품 대체) Source control (공정개선) 분리농축 • Return to original process • Raw material substitute • For another process • - Processed for resource • Processed as a by- • product • - Product substitution • - Product conservation • Chgs. In prod. • composition 에너지/자원회수 소각 Input material changes Technology changes Input material changes 무해화 처리 위해성저감 • Material purification • Material substitution • Process changes • Equipment. Piping. • or layout changes • - Addition automation • Changes in operating • conditions • Procedural measures • Loss prevention • Management practices • Waste stream segregation • Material handling • improvements • - Production scheduling 최종처분(매립)

14. □ 유럽연합 ○ 발생원․유해성분별로 목록화하여 관리하고, 비목록화 폐기물은 유해특성 확인 후 관리 - 목록화 유해폐기물 : 화학제품제조공정 발생폐기물 등 발생원별로대분류20개, 유해성분별로는 안티몬․다이옥신 등 51개 유해성분으로 분류 - 비목록화 폐기물 : 폭발성․인화성 등 14항목으로 폐기물의 유해특성에 따라 확인 관리

15. □ 미국 ○ 발생원․유해성분별로 분류하여 코드화하고, 비목록화 폐기물은 반응성․용출특성 등 유해특성별로 확인 후 관리 - 목록화 유해폐기물 : 공정폐기물/슬러지(149개)․화학물질폐기물(726개)로 분류 코드화 미국 - 비목록화 폐기물 : 반응성, 용출특성 등 4개의 유해특성에 따라 분류(용출특성 항목은 40개임)

16. 유해폐기물 판정 흐름도(미국)

17. 2장. 고체 및 유해폐기물 처리 & 관리

18. Solid Waste • Types of Solid Waste • Waste Prevention • Reducing the Amount of Waste • Reusing Products • Recycling Materials • Hazardous Waste • Types of Hazardous Waste • Management of Hazardous Waste • Environmental Justice

19. US generates more solid waste per capita than any other country • 2.1kg per person per day • Types of Solid Waste • Municipal solid waste • Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etc • Relatively small portion of solid waste produced • Non-municipal solid waste • Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and mining

20. Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

22. Disposal of Solid Waste • Three methods • Sanitary Landfills • Incineration • Recycling

23. Sanitary Landfill • Compacting and burying waste under a shallow layer of soil • Most common method of disposal

25. Sanitary Landfill

26. Sanitary Landfill • Special Problem of Plastic • Much of plastic is from packaging • Chemically stable and do not readily break down and decompose • Special Problem of Tires • Cannot be melted and reused for tires • Made from materials that cannot be recycled • Can be incinerated or shredded

27. Incineration • Volume of solid waste reduced by 90% • Produces heat that can make steam to generate electricity • Produce less carbon emissions than fossil fuel power plants (right)

28. Incineration • Types of Incinerators • Mass burn (below) • Modular • Refuse-derived

29. Incinerator • Problems Associated with Incineration • Yields air pollution • Produce large amounts of ash • Site selection often controversial

30. Composting • Includes: • Food scraps • Sewage sludge • Agricultural manure • Yard waste • Reduces yard waste in landfills • Can be sold or distributed to community

31. Waste Prevention • Three Goals • (1) Reduce the amount of waste • (2) Reuse products • (3) Recycle materials

32. Reducing Waste • Purchase products with less packaging

33. Reducing Waste • Source reduction • Products are designed and manufactured in ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in the waste stream • Pollution Prevention Act (1990) • Dematerialization • Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological improvements

34. Reusing Products • Refilling glass beverage bottles • Heavier glass that costs more • Japan recycles almost all bottles • Reused 20 times

35. Recycling Materials • Every ton of recycled paper saves: • 17 trees • 7000 gallons of water • 4100 kwatt-hrs of energy • 3 cubic yards of landfill space • Recycle • Glass bottles, newspapers, steel cans, plastic bottles, cardboard, office paper

36. Recycling • Recycling Paper • US recycles 50% • Many developed countries are higher • Recycling Glass • US recycles 25% • Costs less than new glass • Can be used to make glassphalt (right)

37. Recycling • Recycling Aluminum • Making new can from recycled one costs far less than making a brand new one

38. Recycling • Recycling Metals other than Aluminum • Lead, gold, iron, steel, silver and zinc • Metallic composition is often unknown • Makes recycling difficult • Recycling Plastic • Less than 20% is recycled • Less expensive to make from raw materials

39. Recycling • Recycling Tires • Few products are made from old tires • Playground equipment • Trashcans • Garden hose • Carpet • Roofing materials • 36% of tires are currently recycled to make other products

40. Integrated Waste Management

41. Hazardous Waste • Any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environment • Reactive, corrosive, explosive or toxic chemicals • Types of Hazardous Waste • Dioxins • PCBs • Radioactive waste

42. Management of Hazardous Waste • Chemical accidents • National Response Center notified • Typically involves oil, gasoline or other petroleum spill • Current Management Policies • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984) (자원보호 재활용 법) • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980) 종합환경대응보상책임법

43. Management of Hazardous Waste • Cleaning up existing hazardous waste: superfund program • 400,000 waste sites • Leaking chemical storage tanks and drums (right) • Pesticides dumps • Piles of mining wastes • Must be cleaned up

44. Management of Hazardous Waste • Superfund National Priorities List • 2006: 1558 sites on the list • States with the greatest number of sites • New Jersey (115) • California (93) • Pennsylvania (93) • New York (86) • Michigan (65)

45. Management of Hazardous Waste • Biological Treatment of Hazardous Chemicals • Bioremediation • Phytoremediation • Management the Waste we are Producing Now • (1) source reduction • (2) conversion to less hazardous materials • (3) long-term storage

46. Management of Hazardous Waste • Hazardous Waste Landfill

47. Hazardous Waste Landfill

48. Environmental Justice • Environmental Justice and Ethical Issues • Right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, gender, social class, to adequate protection from environmental hazards • Fundamental human right • Grassroots campaign • Mandating environmental Justice- Federal Level

49. Environmental Justice • International Waste Management • Developed countries sometimes send their waste to developing countries • Less expensive than following laws within the country • Controversial aspect of waste management • Basel Convention (1989) • Restricts international transport of hazardous waste