Monogastric Nutrition

3. Monogastric Nutrition

4. Nutrient Requirements • Simple Stomached • Require readily digestible feed • Cannot use complex carbohydrates • Cellulose, hemicellulose, etc. • Require essential amino acids • Cannot synthesize amino acids • Poor quality protein, NPN • Water

5. Water • Important nutrient • 55-80% of animal is water • Depends on age • Uses • Hydration, medium for moving wastes into and out of body • Component of milk, lubricates joints, cushions nerves, disperses heat, protects developing fetuses

6. Water • Free access to water • Cool, Clean, Abundant • Pigs will consume 1-1.5 quarts / pound of feed • Limiting water intake results in poor production • Decreased intake • Poor feed efficiency • Reduced milk production

7. Energy • Required for basic processes • Acquired from carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism • Obtained from Corn, Soybean meal, fat • Some cases, energy may be limiting factor for growth

8. Energy • Energy requirements • Influenced by: • Weight (Direct influence on maintenance) • Genetic ability to produce lean tissue • Environmental temperature • Most often expressed as • Digestible Energy (DE) • Metabolizable Energy (ME) • For all weight classes, ME requirement is approx. 96% of the DE requirement

9. Energy Table 23-1

10. Energy Table 23-3

11. Energy Table 23-4

12. Energy Table 23-6

13. Protein & Amino Acids • Protein makes up portions of muscle, blood, enzymes, hair, etc. • 7-9% of the pig’s body is edible protein • Protein consists of 22 different amino acids • For growth to occur at a rapid rate, the ration must supply 10 of the 22 amino acids

14. Protein & Amino Acids • Essential amino acids: One in which the body cannot manufacture in sufficient quantity to permit maximum growth and performance • Non-Essential amino acids: Amino acids which can be synthesized in large enough amounts to permit maximum growth as long as sufficient Nitrogen is present.

15. Protein & Amino Acids

16. Protein & Amino Acids • Lysine is the #1 essential or limiting amino acid in swine diets • Lysine concentration is high in muscle • Lysine content of most feedstuffs is low • Feeding high quality proteins is essential • Contains all essential amino acids in the correct proportions and amounts • Possible to perform better on a 12% CP vs. 16% CP

17. Protein & Amino Acids • Soybean meal • Used as the primary protein source in swine diets • 85% of lysine digested & absorbed by pig • Versus 65% of lysine in meat & bone meal • Complements corn well in the diet • Swine diets formulated approximately 79% corn to 20% soybean meal. (+/- 1-2 %) • Trying to correct the deficiencies in the cereal grain

18. Vitamins & Minerals • Pigs are most likely to suffer from vitamin & mineral deficiencies • Primarily fed cereal grains low in minerals, particularly calcium • Skeleton supports greater weight in proportion to its size than other farm animals • Fed to grow at a maximum rate and are marketed before they mature • Reproduce at a younger age • Raised in a confinement setting.

19. Vitamins & Minerals • Minerals • Very important functions • Required only in very small amounts • Pigs require 13 different minerals in the diet • Minerals deficient in corn & soybean meal diets • Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), • Trace minerals: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se)

20. Vitamins & Minerals • Minerals • Calcium & Phosphorus are the most critical and are required in the greatest amounts • Adequate levels will provide a strong skeletal structure • Deficiencies will lead to poor bone mineralization • Important when raised in confinement on concrete floors • Ideal ratios of Ca:P should lie between 1:1 and 1.25:1

21. Vitamins & Minerals • Vitamins • Complex organic compounds needed in minute amounts, which are essential for health and normal body functions • Pigs require 15 vitamins in very small amounts • Many of these are likely to be deficient in corn & soybean meal diets

22. Vitamins & Minerals Table 19-6, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

23. Additives • Substances added to swine rations to enhance performance • Feed-grade fat • Can be added at 5% of the total ration • Added as an energy source • Reduces dustiness of feed and increases palatability • To be economical, cost must be no more than 2.5 to 3.0 times the cost of corn

24. Additives Table 19-10, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

25. Additives • Antimicrobial agents, anthelmintics • Antimicrobials • Added to stimulate growth and feed efficiency, and to reduce mortality • Low levels (Subtherapeutic) – Promote growth • Moderate-to-high levels (Prophylaxis) – Prevention of disease in exposed animals • High levels (Therapeutic) – Treatment of disease

26. Additives • Anthelmintics • Used to prevent or remove internal parasites • Roundworms & Lungworms • Some will control external parasites • Lice, Mange • Ivermectin • Considered drugs and are regulated by the FDA • Only certain types, levels, and combinations are approved for use in swine diets

27. Additives Table 19-15, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

28. Additives Table 19-16, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

29. Management • 75-80% of the total cost associated with swine production are feed costs • Intense management is required • Feed manufacturers and producers must evaluate the cost effectiveness and feed value in order to formulate cost effective and nutritionally adequate swine diets • Generic diet formulation may be a problem in formulating cost effective gains

30. Management • Phase Feeding • Adjusting the ration according to the individual pig’s nutrient needs as it grows • Depending on the intensity of the management system, rations can also be adjusted based on sex of the pig

31. Management

32. Management • The end goal of the feed manufacturer and producer is to cost effectively produce pigs which will reach market weight (250-280 lbs) in the shortest amount of time with a minimum amount of fat and maximum amount of lean tissue your genetics will allow.