Objectives

1. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Objectives • Distinguishbetween organic and inorganic compounds. • Explainthe importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. • Identify functional groups in biological molecules. • Summarizehow large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down. • Describehow the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

2. Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds: • All compounds are classified as either _____________ or __________________. • Which of the following are organic? (circle them) • Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them) Wool Cotton Potted Plant Glass Paper Carbon Dioxide • An organic compound is, or was once _____________.

3. Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds: • All compounds are classified as either organic or inorganic • Which of the following are organic? (circle them) • Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them) Wool Cotton Potted Plant Glass Paper Carbon Dioxide • An organic compound is, or was once living.

4. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding • Organic compoundscontain ______________________ atoms and are found in __________________ things. • Most inorganic compounds do not contain ____________________ atoms. Some exceptions: _______________ and ______________ The most important inorganic compound in the body is ______________.

5. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding • Organic compoundscontain Carbon (and Hydrogen) atoms and are found in all living things. • Most inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon atoms. Some exceptions: CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and CO (Carbon Monoxide) The most important inorganic compound in the body is water.

6. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding, continued • Carbon has ________________ in its 2nd energy level. • Carbon atoms can readily form _______________ covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. • Carbon can form _____________, ______________, or ________________ covalent bonds.

7. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding, continued • Carbon has 4 electrons in its 2nd energy level. • Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. • Carbon can form single, double or triple covalent bonds.

8. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding

9. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups • Functional groupsare groups of atoms that _____________________ the properties of molecules and the ___________________________ in which the molecules participate. • Ex: Hydroxyl, _____, makes a molecule polar, hydrophilic, and soluble in water. • More Ex: Carboxyl, _________ • Amino, ___________ • Phosphate

10. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups • Functional groupsare groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. • Ex: Hydroxyl, OH, makes a molecule polar, hydrophilic, and soluble in water. • More Ex: Carboxyl, COOH • Amino, NH2 • Phosphate

11. Molecule Formations • ________________ - simple molecules that bond together to form larger ones. • ________________ - larger molecules made of repeated linked monomers. • ________________ - large polymers. • Ex: _______________, _________, __________, and ________________________

12. Molecule Formations • monomers - simple molecules that bond together to form larger ones. • polymers - larger molecules made of repeated linked monomers. • macromolecules - large polymers. • Ex: carbohydrates , lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

13. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules • Condensation reactionsjoin __________________ • (small simple molecules) to form _________________. • A condensation reaction releases _______________ as a by-product. • Ex: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H2O • In ahydrolysis reaction, water is used to ________ polymers into monomers.

14. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules • Condensation reactionsjoin monomers • (small simple molecules) to form polymers • A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product. • Ex: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H2O • In ahydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.

15. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases • ______________ during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. • _________________ is released when bonds between Phosphate groups are broken.

16. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases • energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. • Energy is released when bonds between Phosphate groups are broken.

17. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Objectives • Distinguishbetween monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides. • Explainthe relationship between amino acids and protein structure. • Describethe induced fit model of enzyme action. • Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. • Comparethe nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

18. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed • of ______________, ________________, and • _______________ in a ratio of about _______ carbon • to ________ hydrogen atoms to ______ oxygen atom. • Carbohydrates are a source of _____________ and • are used as _____________________ materials in • organisms.

19. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed • of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ratio of about 1 carbon • to 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom. • Carbohydrates are a source of energy and • are used as structural materials in • organisms.

20. Carbohydrate • Glucose Molecule: (ratio of 1 C : 2 H :1 O)

21. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Monosaccharides • Carbohydrates are made up of ______________ calledmonosaccharides. • Ex: _______________ • _______________ • _______________

22. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Monosaccharides • Carbohydrates are made up of monomers calledmonosaccharides. • Ex: glucose • Fructose • galactose

23. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Disaccharidesand Polysaccharides • Two __________________________ join to form • a ______________ sugar called adisaccharide. • Ex:_____________________________________ • A _______________ sugar, orpolysaccharide, is • made of three or more _____________________. • Ex: _____________ - chains of glucose stored in liver & muscles. • _____________ - sugar stored in plants.

24. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Disaccharidesand Polysaccharides • Two monosaccharides join to form • a double sugar called adisaccharide. • Ex: Sucrose is fructose & glucose • A complex sugar, orpolysaccharide, is • made of three or more monosaccharide. • Ex: Glycogen - chains of glucose stored in liver & muscles. • Starch - sugar stored in plants.

25. Disaccharides

26. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins • Proteinsare ____________________ compounds • composed mainly of ___________, _____________, • ______________, and ________________. • Proteins have many functions including __________, • _______________, and __________________ roles.

27. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins • Proteinsare organic compounds • composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.

28. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Amino Acids • Proteins are made up of ___________________ • called amino acids. • -- The _________________ of amino acids • determines a protein’s _____________ • and ____________________. (R Groups)

29. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Amino Acids • Proteins are made up of monomers • called amino acids. • -- The sequence of amino acids • determines a protein’s shape and • function. (R Groups)

30. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Dipeptides and Polypeptides • Two amino acids are joined by _______________ to form a dipeptide. • A long chain of amino acids is called a _____________________________.

31. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Dipeptides and Polypeptides • Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. • A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

32. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Proteins

33. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Enzymes • Enzymes________________ chemical reactions and ______________ to specific substrates. • The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and __________ the activation energy of the reaction. • Enzymes are sensitive to changes in ________ and ___________________

34. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Enzymes • Enzymesspeed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. • The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction. • Enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature.

35. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Enzyme Activity

36. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids • Lipidsare ________________ molecules, they • ______________________ than other compounds, • and are an important part of ___________________. • Lipids do not dissolve in _____________. • Lipids are soluble in ________. • Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol.

37. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids • Lipidsare nonpolar molecules, they • store more energy than other compounds, • and are an important part of cell membranes. • Lipids do not dissolve in water. • Lipids are soluble in oil. • Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol.

38. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • Fats may be saturated or unsaturated. • Fatty Acids • Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched • carbon molecules that have a ________________ • (water loving) end and a ____________________ • (water fearing) end.

39. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • Fats may be saturated or unsaturated. • Fatty Acids • Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched • carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic • (water loving) end and a hydrophobic • (water fearing) end.

40. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule. • The nucleic aciddeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • contains _______________________ for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)molecules play many key • roles in _________________________.

41. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule. • The nucleic aciddeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • contains genetic information for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)molecules play many key • roles in making proteins.

42. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids

43. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides? A. energy source B. energy storage C. structural support D. storage of genetic information

44. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is false? F. A wax is a lipid. G. Starch is a lipid. H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

45. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates

46. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars? F. starch G. protein H. cellulose J. glycogen

47. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane? A. waxes B. steroids C. fatty acids D. phospholipids

48. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water? F. polar G. adhesive H. hydrophilic J. hydrophobic

49. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids : A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. amino acids

50. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below represents the structural formula of a molecule. Use the figure to answer the question that follows. 8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula? F. amino G. hydroxyl H. phosphate J. carboxyl