SKELETAL SYSTEM

1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Diseases/Disorders • Sprain – stretched or torn ligament or tendon • Arthritis – inflamed joint • Osteomyelitis – infected bone • Osteoporosis – loss of bone density • Bone cancer • Subluxation - dislocation

3. Diseases/Disorders Sprain - stretched or torn ligament or tendon Commonly treated by RICE method: Rest Ice Compression (such as ACE bandage) Elevation Most common site is the ankle Usually caused by a twisting action to the joint such as stepping in a hole

4. Diseases/Disorders Arthritis – inflamed joint Osteoarthritis – common form, associated with wear and tear, but recent research suggests mild, slow-moving inflammation or metabolic disorder is the cause Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, aching, fluid around joint Treated with aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

5. Diseases/Disorders Arthritis – inflamed joint

6. Diseases/Disorders Arthritis – inflamed joint Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease attacking joints and surrounding tissues Scar tissue formation, atrophy, and misalignment cause deformities, pain and immobility Caused by a fault in the immune system Treated by nsaids as well as cortisone, heat, cold, and occasionally, surgery

7. Diseases/Disorders Arthritis – inflamed joint Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease, first appearing in children between the ages of 6 months and 16 years Autoimmune disease attacking joints and surrounding tissues Scar tissue formation, atrophy, and misalignment cause deformities, pain and immobility Treated much the same as for adults, by nsaids as well as cortisone, heat, cold, and occasionally, surgery; but physical therapy and exercise are very important

8. Diseases/Disorders Osteomyelitis – infected bone Infection usually occurs after an injury either to the bone or the surrounding soft tissues. Diabetics are at high risk because of nerve damage and decreased blood flow in extremities Left untreated, bone can die or infection can spread and lead to amputation Treated by antibiotics

9. Diseases/Disorders Osteomyelitis – infected bone

10. Diseases/Disorders Osteomyelitis – infected bone

11. Diseases/Disorders Osteomyelitis – infected bone

12. Diseases/Disorders Osteoporosis – loss of bone density Metabolic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass. Loss of calcium and phosphate from bone allows it to become porous, brittle, prone to fracture. Risk factors: Affects mostly women after menopause because of lower estrogen levels. Steroid therapy, lack of bone use (too little weight-bearing exercise), malnutrition (lack of calcium in the diet), excessive alcohol intake, scurvy, smoking, and hyperthyroidism. Thin-framed women are at higher risk because they do not produce as much estrogen as larger women, but it can also be hereditary.

13. Diseases/Disorders Osteoporosis – loss of bone density

14. Diseases/Disorders Bone cancer True bone cancers – Osteosarcoma, Ewiing’s Sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma – occur more commonly in children and young adults Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation Survival rates are around 65% for five years or more Metastatic bone cancer - spreads from another location such as the breast or the prostate. May be treated with chemotherapy and radiation, rarely with surgery Survival rates lower because of the other cancers

15. Diseases/Disorders Subluxation - dislocation Partial or incomplete dislocation of the articulating surfaces of joint bones Joint deformity, impaired motion, pain, change in length of extremity Common sites are shoulders, wrists, knees, fingers, toes, hips, ankles Diagnosed by x-ray Caused by injury or disease process of a joint. Treated by Reduction – medical personnel pull joint back into place Medication usually required to control muscle spasms and pain while ligaments heal