Chapter 34: “Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War”

1. Chapter 34: “Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War” ~ 1933 – 1941

2. Isolationism • 1933 London Conference - composed of 66 nations to try to make a worldwide solution to the Great Depression. • FDR at first agreed to send Secretary of State Cordell Hull but withdrew that agreement and scolded the other nations for trying to stabilize currencies. • conference accomplished nothing-strengthening extreme nationalism. • 1934, Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act, stating that the Philippines would receive their independence after 12 years of economic and political tutelage, in 1946.

3. 2. 1933, US formally recognized the Soviet Union, hoping for trade and to discourage German and Japanese aggression. 3. Good Neighbor Policy1933,-FDR renounced armed intervention in Latin America at the Seventh Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, and the following year, U.S. marines left Haiti. 4. lifted troops from Panama 5. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934- activated low-tariff policies while aiming at relief and recovery by lifting American trade.

4. 6. 1934 Johnson Debt Default Act forbade any countries that still owed the U.S. money from borrowing any more cash ie. Only Finland. 7. 1934 Nye Committee was formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers were pro-war for the sole purpose of making more money

5. 8. Neutrality Acts in 1935-37- when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent or make loans 9. Spanish Civil War (1936-39), Spanish rebels led by the Fascist General Francisco Franco rose up against the leftist-leaning republican government. • In order to stay out of the war, the U.S. put an embargo on both the loyalist and fascists. Franco already had Ger and It. Help

6. 1937, Japan essentially invaded China, but FDR didn’t call this combat “a war,” thus allowing the Chinese to still get arms from the U.S. He merely verbally chastised the aggressors, calling for “a quarantine” of Japan (through economic embargoes, perhaps); this was his famous “Quarantine Speech.” 11. December 1937, the Japanese bombed and sank the American gunboat, the Panay, but then made the necessary apologies, “saving” America from entering into war against it.

7. Do you recognize these men?

8. The Rise of Dictators • Totalitarian - Governments that exert total control over a nation and uses terror to suppress individual rights. • Fascism – emphasizes the importance of a nation and the supreme authority of the leader. • Communism – Ideology of the Soviet Union, complete government ownership of land and property (call for worldwide revolution).

9. Soviet Union • Led by Josef Stalin • Economic plan – modernize agriculture and rapid industrialization (5 year plans). • Collective farming – combine small farms into huge, state owned farms. • Production goes down – Millions die of Starvation. • Achieved goal of turning the SU into a modern industrial power.

10. Reign of Terror • Purges – removing enemies and others from power. • Stalin purged party offices, his secret police, and the army • Paranoia caused him to execute about a million people (others sent to forced labor camps) by 1939.

11. Italy • Led by Benito Mussolini (Fascist). • Blackshirts – gangs of fascist thugs who terrorized people who opposed Mussolini. • Improved Italian economy but got rid of elections and other political parties.

12. Germany • Adolf Hitler • Nazism – form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s ideas of German Nationalism. • Angered by Treaty of Versailles (*war guilt clause) • Mein Kampf – Hitler’s autobiography • Irrationally blamed Jewish people for German Problemsclip

13. Germany • 1933 – Hitler was made chancellor. • The Reichstag (parliament building) – was burned down and Hitler blamed the Communists. • Enabling Bill passed by government and it gave Hitler dictatorial powers.

14. Rearming of Germany • Began to spend money on rearming military. • March 1936 – reoccupied the Rhineland (land in Western Germany) • This violated the Versailles treaty that ended World War I, but the allies did not enforce it. • No one wanted a war (WWI too costly)

15. Germany Expands • Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan. (Rome-Berlin Axis) • Hitler demands a political union with Austria (Anschluss). He sends in troops. • Sudetenland (region of Czechoslovakia) – Hitler wants this land next. Czechs fight back.

17. Munich Agreement • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler in Munich. Oct 1938 • Appeasement – giving into an aggressor’s demands in order to keep peace. • Chamberlain gave the Sudetenland to Hitler to satisfy him if he promised to stop his aggression. • “Secured Peace in our Time” • Give into an aggressor and you get more aggression

18. Appeasement fails • March 1939 – Hitler invades Czechoslovakia. • Great Britain and France warn him that further aggression would lead to war. ie. If Germany attacks Poland, then • War!!

19. An Unlikely Alliance • August 1939 – Non-Aggression Pact signed between Hitler and Stalin. • They were sworn enemies. Why Sign? • September 1st, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland. • September 3rd – Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. • Blitzkrieg (lightning War) – fast concentrated air and land attack that took enemies by surprise.

20. Stuka – German War Plane

21. Invasion of Poland:blitzkreig • Overrun in less than a month. • Germany had superior firepower and organized tanks into Panzer Divisions. • Britain and France watched helplessly

22. War in the West • Maginot Line – massive string of fortifications along the French border (only protected French border facing Germany) “sitzkreig” • April 1940 – Germany had successful attacks on Denmark and Norway (*Germany did lose bulk of surface navy). • May 1940 – Blitz on the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

23. Fall of France • Mid May – German invasion of France (N from Belgium, S from across the Meuse River). • Dunkirk – massive evacuation of allied forces. 340,000 soldiers saved by privately owned ships.

24. Fall of France • June 22nd, 1940 – After 35 days the French officially surrender. • Vichy France – led by Henri Petain (puppet government of Germany). Collaboration – Close cooperation with Germany. • Free France – gov’t in exile in London led by Charles De Gaulle • Resistance – groups of French citizens who tried to sabotage German operations in France.

25. Axis Powers: 1941

26. Axis Powers:1942

28. Battle of Britain • Prime Minister – Winston Churchill • German Luftwaffe (air force) • Great Britain – Royal Air Force (RAF) • Aug. 1940 – Hitler launched Operation Sea Lion - Greatest air assault world had yet seen. Typical raids had bombers and fighter planes. • Blitz – bombing of London (civilian targets).

29. Spitfires and Hurricanes

31. British Defenses • Scientists cracked German codes (knew Hitler’s plans). • Radar – radio detection & ranging (up to 185 miles away). • The Width of the English Channel • Churchill – rallied the people – kept their will to fight. • Jan. 1941 – Operation Sea Lion cancelled.

32. Winston Churchill

33. U.S. Neutrality • Cash and Carry (1937) –can only trade non-military goods with belligerent nations, but they had to pay cash and transport the goods themselves. • After invasion of Poland –Neutrality Act of 1939-can trade munitions to belligerents on cash and carry basis • 1940-first peacetime draft and build up armed forces

34. More aid to Britain • Destroyers for Bases Deal – the U.S. sent 50 destroyers to GB in return for 8 naval bases in the Western Hemisphere. • America First Committee (AFC) – formed by isolationists to block further aid to GB. • 1940 election – FDR wins 3rd term vs. Wendell Wilkie

35. FDR Wants More Aid for GB • “If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back when you’re done.” –FDR Lend Lease Act (March 1941) – allowed the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American Security. US becomes the “arsenal of democracy” Effectively, we Abandoned neutrality

36. Hitler’s Assault Atlantic Charter • On June 22, 1941, Hitler attacked Russia • U.S. aid to the USSR (through lend-lease), and an early and bitter winter stranded the German force at Moscow and shifted the tide against Germany. • August 1941 Atlantic Charter • There would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the natives. • The charter also affirmed the right for people to choose their rulers (i.e. no dictators). • It declared disarmament and a “peace of security”, as well as a new League of Nations. • Critics charged that “neutral America” was interfering, ignoring that America was no longer neutral.

37. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-Boats Clash • There were clashes, as U.S. destroyers like the Greer, the Kearny, and the Reuben James were attacked by the Germans. • Congress annulled the Neutrality Act of 1939

38. Do these look familiar??

39. Japanese Aggression • 1931 – Began Invasion of China (Japan was resource poor and needed oil, coal, iron, etc.) • Japan looked to expand south to Indo-China. • FDR was aware of their aggression and began imposing trade restrictions on them (cut off all oil shipments) • 80% of oil from U.S.

40. Pearl Harborvideo (use of racial epitaphs) • Prime Minister of Japan – Hideki Tojo wanted war with the U.S. • December 7th, 1941 – Pearl Harbor, a naval base in Hawaii was attacked by 180 Japanese Warplanes. • Goal: To cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet. • 2,400 Americans were killed and we lost 300 planes and 18 ships. • Controversy over Attack – America knew attack was coming – just not where it would be.

41. U.S. Declares War • December 8th, 1941 – The U.S. declares war on Japan. • Dec.11th – Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

42. “A Date which will live in Infamy”FDR war address