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Biotechnology An Introduction to the World!. by John Rist & Irene Benson Viborg High School. Introduction. Enduring Understanding Biotechnology and its applications can be used to solve world problems. Essential Questions
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BiotechnologyAn Introduction to the World! by John Rist& Irene Benson Viborg High School South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Introduction Enduring Understanding • Biotechnology and its applications can be used to solve world problems. Essential Questions • What are the current uses and purposes for biotechnology in animal science? • What bio-ethical issues are facing the world as a result of biotechnology? • How can biotechnology be used to solve world problems? South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Genes by DesignAn Introduction to Food Biotechnology by Sharon Guthmiller, Cheryl Jacobs, and Lavonne Meyer South Dakota State University FCS Extension Educators
A. Definitions of Food Biotechnology… • Includes both the traditional forms of fermentation and crossbreeding • The use of living organisms to move specific desirable traits from one organism to another South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
B. Traditional and Conventional Methods… • Date back to the first attempts (8000 BC) to improve the food supply (saving best seeds) • Include yeast and fermentation processes (using microorganisms to create different foods) • Include crossbreeding and hybridization (to create superior plants or animals) South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
C. Conventional & traditional crossbreeding methods… • Had their beginnings with Gregor Mendel’s discovery in 1860 of dominant and recessive heredity traits in crossbreeding peas • Can be inexact and time consuming • Have led to development of seedless grapes, tangerines, and nectarines through conventional breeding and physiology South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
One example…How would you select for a medium sized red rose, enhanced with white, with a yellow center? • This would be a very slow process by natural selection methods! South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
D. Biotechnology today… • Is a precise scientific process including techniques to obtain genetically engineered or transgenic plants and animals. (Gene Splicing) • Involves gene transfer from one organism to another. • Provides tools to help combat disease, fight hunger, promote human health, and protect the environment. • Uses DNA and recombinant DNA. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
E. Biotechnology advances… • 1970s- the discovery that a soil bacterium causes disease in plants by transferring its own DNA intothe plant. • 1982- insulin used in the treatment of diabetes is from one of the first genetically engineered organisms. By inserting a human gene into the genetic code of a bacterium, researchers found they could generate a consistent, reliable source of insulin. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
F. Fighting disease… • Interferon used for the treatment of cancer, heart disease, and anemia is a genetically engineered product • Genetically engineered foods have potential to offer higher levels of antioxidant vitamins to reduce risk of disease. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
G. Human health… • In the not-too-distant future, many foods may be genetically engineered to deliver higher proteins, vitamins, and minerals. • Golden rice is an example of this. The rice contains beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency affects 230 million children throughout the world. It is hoped this product can help alleviate the problems associated with vitamin A deficiency. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
H. Genetically engineered foods… 1. Must be labeled only if they differ significantly from the traditional plant or food. • For example: if the nutritional value is altered or the potential to cause an allergic reaction is altered. 2. Include tomatoes, potatoes, canola, corn, soybeans, and sugar beets. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
I. Regulatory Agencies… 1. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is responsible for holding plant varieties to the safety standard of any traditional food product. • Consults with developers to ensure that foods derived from new plant varieties are safe to eat. • Provides guidance on needed information to insure food safety South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Regulatory Agencies cont… 2. USDA-APHIS(USDA Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service) regulates the safe field testing of new genetically engineered plant varieties. • Time from research starting on a new genetically engineered plant until it receives clearance could take up to 10 years. • APHIS has strict rules about how lab and field trials are conducted. Materials must be incinerated when the project is completed! South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Regulatory Agencies cont… 3. EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) has authority over all new pesticides. This includes all new genetically engineered plants that produce their own protection against pests. • Considers human safety, effectiveness on the target pest, impact on the environment, and endangered species before registering a new product. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
J. Future crops and foods may include: 1. Release and acceptance of golden rice as part of the answer to vitamin A deficiency concerns. 2. Wheat grown to eliminate allergic reactions. 3. Edible vaccines in fruits such as bananas. 4. Pharmaceuticals synthesized in corn. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
K. Concerns and controversies… • Are the food safety issues being met? • What are the regulatory processes that genetically engineered food must adhere to before approval? • Have enough long-term studies been done toverify safety? South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Concerns and controversies cont… 4. Have potential dangers to the environment and genetic resources had enough study to merit total acceptance? • Examples: the monarch butterfly, StarLink corn, creation of a “super weed”, etc. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Concerns and controversies cont… 5. Other concerns & controversies: • Labeling of genetically engineered food • Social issues • Economic and trade issues • Religious issues • Ethics South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
L. The future… • Biotechnology, for the most part, has been readily accepted and welcomed as a new science for products today. It offers hope for 1) food security, 2) better nutrition, 3) healthier individuals, and 4) resistance to disease world-wide. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
M. Reasons for continued search for answers… • To provide answers to questions about the effect of biotechnology and it’s effects on the environment, society, economy, and ethics. • To verify that food biotechnology is a vital link in the continual process of improvement of foods. • To ultimately be accepted or rejected by the consumer. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Conclusion… • Biotechnology has been accepted in the laboratories and the farm fields. • If it will be readily accepted in the grocery store and on your dining room table, is up to you. • “Genes by Design” empowers you with knowledge about biotechnology and will help you make critical decisions about how biotechnology will affect you in the future. South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service
Resources: • South Dakota State University Ag Research • Websites: Iowa State University http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/National Agricultural Library http://www.nal.usda.gov/bic/ • South Dakota State University class Plant Science 593 Agriculture Biotechnology South Dakota State University * College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences * Cooperative Extension Service