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THE NATION AT WAR

THE NATION AT WAR. America: Past and Present Chapter 24. A New World Power. American foreign policy aggressive, nationalistic since late 19th century Colonialism draws U.S. into international affairs. "I Took the Canal Zone".

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THE NATION AT WAR

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  1. THE NATION AT WAR America: Past and Present Chapter 24

  2. A New World Power • American foreign policy aggressive, nationalistic since late 19th century • Colonialism draws U.S. into international affairs

  3. "I Took the Canal Zone" • 1903--Colombian senate refuses to allow U.S. to build Panama Canal • Roosevelt abetted revolution to separate Panama from Colombia • Independent Panama permits construction • 1914--Panama Canal opened

  4. The Panama Canal Zone

  5. The Roosevelt Corollary • U.S. treats Latin America as a protectorate • “Roosevelt Corollary”--U.S. will ensure stability of Latin American finance • Roosevelt Corollary spurs intervention in • Dominican Republic • Panama • Cuba

  6. Ventures in the Far East • 1905--TR mediates the Ruso-Japanese War • Diplomatic agreements with Japan • Korea under Japanese influence • Japan to respect U.S. control of Philippines • Japanese resentment builds over Open Door policy in China

  7. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy • Taft substitutes economic force for military • American bankers replaced Europeans in Caribbean • Taft's support for U.S. economic influence in Manchuria alienates China, Japan, Russia

  8. Foreign Policy Under Wilson • Wilson inexperienced in diplomacy • Tries to base foreign policy on moral force

  9. Conducting Moral Diplomacy • Wilson negotiated “cooling-off” treaties to try and settle disputes without war • Resorts to military force in Latin America • intervened there more than Roosevelt or Taft

  10. Troubles Across the Border • 1913--Huerta leads coup in Mexico • Wilson denies Huerta recognition • Revolutionary regimes must reflect “a just government based upon law” • Wilson blocks arms shipments to Mexico • 1914--U.S. seizes Vera Cruz • 1916--U.S. Army pursues “Pancho” Villa across U.S., Mexican border

  11. Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1930

  12. Toward War • 1914--War in Europe • Central Powers headed by Germany • Allied Powers headed by England, France • Wilson sympathizes with England, seeks U.S. neutrality

  13. The Neutrality Policy • Progressives see war as wasteful, irrational • Suspicion that business seeks war for profit • Immigrants prefer U.S. neutrality • A long tradition of U.S. neutrality • Americans see little national stake in war

  14. Freedom of the Seas • England blockades Germany • U.S. ships to Germany seized • Wilson accepts English promise of reimbursement at war’s end

  15. The U-Boat Threat • German submarines violate international law by shooting without warning • August, 1915-- Lusitania sunk by U-Boat • April, 1916--Wilson issues ultimatum: call off attacks on cargo and passenger ships or U.S.-German relations will be severed • Germany pledges to honor U.S. neutrality

  16. "He Kept Us Out of War" • 1916--Wilson campaigns on record of neutrality • Republican Charles Evans Hughes campaigns on tougher line against Germany • Wilson wins close election • wins large labor, progressive vote • wins majority of women’s vote

  17. The Final Months of Peace • 1917--Germany lifts restrictions on U-Boats • Wilson’s response • orders U.S. merchant vessels armed • orders U.S. Navy to fire on German U-Boats • April 2, 1917--War declared on Germany

  18. Over There • U.S. allies in danger of losing war • Germans sink 881,000 tons of Allied shipping during April, 1917 • mutinies in French army • British drive in Flanders Stalled • Bolsheviks sign separate peace with Germany; German troops to West • Italian army routed • Allies braced for spring, 1918 offensive

  19. U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916-1918

  20. Mobilization • No U.S. contingency plans for war • 200,000 troops at war’s beginning • Draft conscripts 2.8 million by war’s end

  21. European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914-1917

  22. War in the Trenches • Teaming of U.S., English navies halves Allied losses to submarines • June 1917--U.S. troops arrive in France • Spring, 1918--U.S. forces help halt final German offensive • battle of Chateau Thierry • battle of Belleau Wood • September--Germans out of St. Mihiel

  23. The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918

  24. Over Here • Victory on front depends on mobilization at home • Wilson consolidates federal authority to organize war production and distribution • Wilson begins campaign for American emotions

  25. The Conquest of Convictions • 1918--Wilson uses popular anti-German rage to pass the Sedition Act • criticism of the war was penalized • dissenters imprisoned • Summer, 1918--anticommunism prompts deployment of U.S. troops to Russia • 1918-1919--“Red Scare” results in domestic suppression of “radicals”

  26. A Bureaucratic War • Wartime agencies supervise production, distribution to maximize war effort • Government seizes some businesses to keep them running • Cooperation between government and business the norm • Business profits from wartime industry

  27. Labor in the War • Union membership swells • Labor shortage prompts • wage increase • entry of Mexican-Americans, women, African- Americans to war-related industrial work force

  28. African American Migration Northward, 1910-1920

  29. Labor in the War (2) • 200,000 blacks serve in France • 42,000 combat troops • Great Migration to northern factories • blacks must adjust industrial work pace • encounter Northern racism • 1917-1919--Race riots in urban North • Wartime experience prompts new surge of black resistance

  30. The Treaty of Versailles • Common concern about Bolshevik revolution • Wilson’s Fourteen points call for non-punitive settlement • England and France balk at Fourteen Points • want Germany disarmed and crippled • want Germany’s colonies • skeptical of principle of self-determination

  31. A Peace at Paris • Wilson fails to deflect Allied punishment of Germany in treaty • Treaty creates Wilson’s League of Nations • Article X of League charter requires members to protect each others’ territorial integrity • League's jurisdiction excludes member nations’ domestic affairs

  32. Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 1919

  33. Rejection in the Senate • Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge leads opposition to Treaty, League • October, 1919--stroke disables Wilson • November--Treaty fails in Senate • January, 1920--final defeat of Treaty • July, 1921--U.S. peace declared by joint Congressional resolution

  34. Rejection in the Senate (2) • Wilson hopes reelection will provide mandate for League of Nations • Landslide for Republican Warren Harding • Defeat of League of Nations brings defeat of Progressive spirit

  35. Postwar Disillusionment • To the next generation the war seemed futile, wasteful • The progressive spirit survived but without enthusiasm or broad based support • Americans welcomed Harding’s return to “normalcy”

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