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The Nation Faces a Cold War

Chapter 27, Section 1. The Nation Faces a Cold War. Cold War: a state of tension between nations without actual fighting Divided the world into opposing camps. Roots of the Conflict. United States and Britain deeply distrusted the Soviet Union Soviets distrusted the United States and Britain

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The Nation Faces a Cold War

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  1. Chapter 27, Section 1 The Nation Faces a Cold War

  2. Cold War: a state of tension between nations without actual fighting • Divided the world into opposing camps

  3. Roots of the Conflict • United States and Britain deeply distrusted the Soviet Union • Soviets distrusted the United States and Britain • When World War I ended the distrust grew

  4. Soviet Expansion • By the end of World War I the Soviets occupied much of Eastern Europe • Stalin had promised that he would hold free election as soon as possible, in Poland and other eastern European nations • He went back on his promise • A freely elected government in any Eastern European counties would be anti Soviet

  5. Soviet Expansion • Winston Churchill had warned of an “iron curtain” walling of Soviet dominated nations from the rest of the world • By 1948 the government of every Eastern European country was under communist control.

  6. Soviet Expansion • After the war the Italian communist party won 104 out of 556 seats in the Italian parliament. • In Greece communist rebels fought a civil war to overthrow the king • Turkey felt Soviet pressure too when Stalin cancelled a treaty of friendship

  7. American response • Truman grew concerned over Soviet expansion • Decided a show of strength was needed to stop Soviet expansion • Asked Congress for $400 million for military aid for Greece and Turkey • Truman Doctrine: The U.S. pledged to help nations threatened by Soviet expansion

  8. Aid for Europe • Secretary of State George Marshall toured Europe • He saw thousands of refugees without homes starving

  9. Aid for Europe • Feared the hunger and homelessness might lead to support of communist revolution • Marshall Plan: he proposed a large scale plan to help Europe rebuild its economy • Provided more than $12 billion in aid to Western European countries

  10. Focus on Berlin • After the war the Allies had split German into four zones • United States, Britain, France, and Soviet Union each owned a zone • Berlin also was divided

  11. Focus on Berlin • U.S., Britain , and France announced they would combine zones into the • German Federal Republic or West Germany • Stalin closed all roads, railway lines, and river routes connecting Berlin to West Germany • Cut off Berlin from the rest of the world

  12. A huge airlift • Day after day planes flew in food, fuel and other supplies to 2 million West Berliners • Planes landed or took over every three minutes

  13. A huge airlift • May 1949 nearly a year after Stalin ordered the blockade he ended it • Germany and Berlin remained divided • West Germany rebuilt its economy • Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic or East Germany

  14. Keeping the Peace • United Nations: UN: • every member of the UN had a seat in the general assembly • world problems were discussed • security council: conflicts that threatened peace: membership was smaller

  15. Keeping the Peace • greatest success had been in fighting hunger, disease, and improving education • preventing war was more difficult • some nations refused to go along with UN decisions

  16. Opposing alliances • To keep international order the U.S. formed alliances with friendly nations • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): defend the nations of the Western Hemisphere

  17. Opposing alliances • Warsaw pact: Soviet Union military alliance • Hungary freedom fighters stages an uprising in 1956against Soviet control • The Soviet Union crushed the revolt

  18. Emerging Nations • After WWII people in Africa and Asia began to demand independence • Had been governed as European colonies

  19. Emerging Nations • Philippines • July 4 1946 U.S. gave independence to the Philippines • Transition to independence was not easy • Wealthy planters owned most of the land • Government worked slowly to make changes and fighting broke out

  20. Emerging Nations • 1947 India won independence from Britain • Land was divided in to two nations • India and Pakistan

  21. Emerging Nations • Southeast Asia • Indonesia won freedom from the Netherlands • Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore won independence from Britain • Indochina fought for independence from France for 30 years • Eventually involved the U.S. in a long war

  22. Emerging Nations • Africa • Libya became independent from Italy • Morocco and Tunisia became independent from France • Ghana gained independence from Britain • 25 other new African nations were formed over the next decade

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