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Forms and Transformations of Energy

This chapter explores the concept of energy and its various forms and transformations. Topics covered include mechanical, electrical, chemical, nuclear, and radiant energy, as well as potential and kinetic energy. The chapter also discusses sources of energy and the relationship between energy and work.

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Forms and Transformations of Energy

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  1. Chapter Seven: Energy • 7.1 Energy and Systems • 7.2 Conservation of Energy • 7.3 Energy Transformations

  2. 7.1 What is energy? • Energy measures the ability for things to change themselves or to cause change in other things. • Some examples are changes in temperature, speed, position, pressure, or any other physical variable.

  3. 7.1 What is energy? • A moving ball has energy because it can create change on whatever tries to stop it or slow it down.

  4. 7.1 Units of energy • Pushing a 1-kilogram object with a force of one newton for a distance of one meter uses one joule of energy. • A joule (J) is the S.I. unit of measurement for energy.

  5. 7.1 Joules • One joule is a pretty small amount of energy. • An ordinary 100 watt electric light bulb uses 100 joules of energy every second!

  6. 7.1 Some forms of energy • Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion or its position. • Potential energy and kinetic energy are both forms of mechanical energy.

  7. Electrical Energy • Electrical energy: is energy made available by the flow of electric charge.

  8. Electrical Energy • Electrical energy is usually derived from other sources or energy. Usually from the production of heat energy, through burning something like oil or gas, which is then used to boil water and produce steam which is used to turn a turbine, which produces electrical energy.

  9. Electrical Energy

  10. 7.1 Some forms of energy • Chemical energy is a form of energy stored in molecules. Chemical reactions can either release or absorb chemical energy. • Batteries are storage devices for chemical energy. Food is form of chemical energy.

  11. 7.1 More forms of energy • Nuclear energy is a form of energy stored in the nuclei of atoms. Used primarily to generate electricity or as a weapon of mass destruction. • Examples: • Comes from splitting atoms (fission) where huge amounts of energy is released.

  12. 7.1 More forms of energy • Fusing two atoms together (fusion) releases huge amounts of energy.

  13. 7.1 More forms of energy • Naturally: Some nuclear energy is produced naturally. For example, the sun and other stars make heat and light by nuclear reactions.

  14. 7.1 More forms of energy • In the Sun, nuclear energyis transformed to heat that eventually escapes the sun as radiant energy.

  15. 7.1 More forms of energy • Radiant energy is energy that is carried by electromagnetic waves. • Light is one form of radiant energy.

  16. 7.1 More forms of energy • The electromagnetic (electrical and magnetic energy) spectrum includes visible light infrared radiation (heat), and ultraviolet light. • Light energy and heat energyare included in the electromagnetic spectrum.

  17. 7.1 Sources of energy • Without the Sun’s energy, Earth would be a cold icy place with a temperature of -273 C. • As well as warming the planet, the Sun’s energy drives the entire food chain.

  18. 7.1 Sources of energy • All objects with mass feel forces in the presence of Earth’s gravity. • These forces are a source of energy for objects or moving matter such as falling rocks and falling water.

  19. 7.1 Energy and work • In physics, the word workhas a very specific meaning. • Workis the transfer of energy that results from applying a force over a distance.

  20. 7.1 Potential energy • Systems or objects with potential energy are able to exert forces (exchange energy) as they change. • Potential energy is energy due to position.

  21. 7.1 Potential Energy mass of object (g) height object raised (m) EP = mgh PE (joules) gravity (9.8 m/sec2)

  22. 7.1 Kinetic energy • Energy of motionis called kinetic energy. • A moving cart has kinetic energy because it can hit another object (like clay) and cause change.

  23. 7.1 Kinetic Energy KE (joules) mass of object (kg) EK = ½ mv2 velocity (m/sec)

  24. Solving Problems • A 2 kg rock is at the edge of a cliff 20 meters above a lake. • It becomes loose and falls toward the water below. • Calculate its potential and kinetic energy when it is at the top and when it is halfway down. • Its speed is 14 m/s at the halfway point.

  25. Solving Problems • Looking for: • …initial EK, EP and EK, EP half way down. • Given: • mass = 2.0 kg; h = 20 m • v = 14 m/s (half way) • Relationships: • EP=mgh • EK= ½ mv2 • Assume rock starts from rest.

  26. Solving Problems m = 20 kg • Solution • Draw a free body diagram. EP = mgh EK = 0 J • EP= (2 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(20 m) = 392 J at top h = 20 m • EP= (2 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(10 m) = 196 J half way EP = mgh h = 10 m EK = ½ mv2 • EK= 0 J, rock is at rest • EK= (1/2)(2 kg)(14 m/s)2 • = 196 J half way

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