INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY PATHOS = SUFFERING LOGOS = STUDY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE BODY

2. PATHOLOGY IT IS THE VITAL BRIDGE BETWEEN PRECLINICAL SCIENCES & CLINICAL SCIENCES DISEASE ? = IS A STATE OF DISCOMFORT TO THE BODY

3. PATIENT – IS A PERSON AFFECTED BY THE DISEASE LESIONS – CHANGES IN TISSUES & CELLS PRODUCED BY THE DISEASE TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY

4. CARCINOMA STOMACH

5. MORPHOLOGY - EXMINATION OF DISEASED TISSUES - GROSS –NAKED EYE & MICROSCOPIC FINDING TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY

6. TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS

7. TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS

8. ETIOLOGY- CASUAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LESIONS. PATHOGENESIS – MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE LESIONS ARE PRODUCED. (HOW) TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY

9. PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS DELAYED TYPE,TYPE 4 HYPERSENSITIVITY

10. CLINICAL FEATURES • SYMPTOMS –FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LESIONS FELT BY THE PATIENT. • SIGNS – FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LESIONS DISCOVERED BY THE DOCTOR

11. CLINICAL FEATURES DIANOSIS – CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MORPHOLOGIC & FUNCTIONAL CHANGES WITH RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS HELP TO ARRIVE AT AN ANSWER – WHAT IS WRONG?

12. PROGNOSIS& TREATMENT PROGNOSIS – WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN ? TREATMENT– WHAT CAN BE DONE?

13. PROGNOSIS& TREATMENT PREVENTION - WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO AVOID THE DISEASE,IT’S COMPLICATIONS & SPREAD ?

14. PREVENSION-of tuberculosis

15. EVOLUSION OF PATHOLOGY THE CONCEPT OF DISEASE IS AS OLD AS LIFE. EARLIER CONCEPTS OF DISEASE WERE THE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS ,THAT DISEASE WAS THE OUTCOME OF CURSE OR EVIL SPIRIT.

16. EVOLUSION OF PATHOLOGY PHILOSOPHICAL & RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE DISEASE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS.

17. HIPPOCRATES(460 -377BC) –FATHER OF MEDICINE STRESSED THE STUDY OF PATIENT’S SYMPTOMS & DESCRIBED METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS

18. HIPPOCRATES(460 -377BC) FATHER OF MEDICINE

19. HIPPOCRATES(460 -377BC) FATHER OF MEDICINE ACCORDING TO HIM – DISTURBANCES IN EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BODY RESULTS IN ILLNESS

20. HIPPOCRATES(460 -377BC) –FATHER OF MEDICINE HE INTRODUCED ETHICAL(MORALISTIC ATTITUDE) CONCEPTS IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE & IS REVERED BY THE MEDICAL PROFESSION BY TAKING HIPPOCRATIC OATH AT THE TIME OF ENTRY INTO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

21. CORNELIUS CELSUS (53 BC – 7AD) ROMAN PHYSICIAN – DESCRIBED 4 CARDINAL SIGNS OF – INFLAMMATION TUMOUR,RUBOR,CALOR,DOLOR

22. CHARAKA SAMHITA ANCIENT INDIAN MEDICINE BOOK ,A FINEST DOCUMENT OF THE RATIONAL AGE BY CHARAKA ,MENTIONED THE HYPOTHESIS OF DISEQUILIBRIUM OF ELEMENTS CONSTITUTING THE BODY SIMILAR TO HIPPOCRATIC DOCTRINE

23. SUSHRUTA SUSHRUTA SAMHITA – A BOOK ON SURGICAL SCIENCES BY SUSHRUTA

24. SUSHRUTA

25. CHARAKA

26. VESALIUS & HIS PUPILS STARTED DISSECTION OF HUMAN BODY –(1514 -1564)

27. VESALIUS & HIS PUPILS CREDIT FOR STUDY OF MORBID ANATOMY(PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY) GOES TO ITALIAN ANATOMIST & PATHOLOGIST GIOVANNI B.MORGAGNI (1682 -1771). HE PUBLISHED HIS LIFE TIME EXPERIENCES BASED ON 700 POSTMORTEMS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

28. SIR PERCIVAL POTT(1714-1788) IDENTIFIED FIRST EVER OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE CHIMNEY SWEEPS(SOOT) IN 1775

29. SIR PERCIVAL POTT(1714-1788)

30. SIR PERCIVAL POTT(1714-1788) JOHN HUNTER(1728 -1793) WITH HIS BROTHER WILLIUM HUNTER STARTED THE FIRST EVER MUSEUM–HUNTARIAN MUSEUM IN ENGLAND.

31. OTHER NAMES IN MORBID ANATOMY(GROSS PATHOLOGY) CARL F van ROKITANSKY(1804-1878, 30,000 AUTOPSIES) WROTE BOOK ON PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY, DESCRIBED YELLOW ATROPHY OF LIVER,DISEASES OF ARTERIES, CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

32. OTHER NAMES IN MORBID ANATOMY(GROSS PATHOLOGY) RUDOLF VIRCHOW(1821-1905)- FATHER OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY OR FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY - INTRODUCED HISTOPATHOLOGY -VIRCHOW’S TRIAD AS ETIOLOGY IN THROMBOSIS, VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE

33. FATHER OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY OR FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY

34. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY Von LEEUWENHOEK(1632-1723) INVENTED FIRST EVER MICROSCOPE),

35. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY MARCELLO MALPIGHI(1624-1694) THE FATHER OF HISTOLOGY MALPIGHIAN LAYER OF SKIN ,MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCELS OF SPLEEN

36. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY D.L.ROMANOWSKY(1861-1921 DEVELOPED STAIN FOR PERIPHERAL SMEAR USING EOSIN & METHYLENE BLUE

37. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY SIR WILLIUM LEISHMAN (1865 -1926) DESCRIBED LEISHMAN STAIN FOR BLOOD FILMS IN 1914

38. MODERN PATHOLOGY JULIUS COHNHEIM(1839-1884) – INTRODUCED FROZEN SECTIONS.

39. MODERN PATHOLOGY GEORGE N PAPANICOLAOU –(1883-1962) FATHER OF EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY DEVELOPED PAP SMEAR FOR DETECTION OF CERVICAL CANCER.

40. MODERN PATHOLOGY KARL LANDSTEINER(1863-1943)-DESCRIBED HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS RUSKA & LORRIES IN 1933 DEVELOPED ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

41. MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT- WATSON & CRICK IN 1953 GAVE DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE OF DNA

42. MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT- TIJO & LEVAN IN 1956 IDENTIFIED CHROMOSOMES & THEIR CORRECT NUMBER IN HUMANS

43. MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT- • NOWELL & HAGERFORD IN 1960 IDENTIFIED PHILADELPHIACHROMOSOME(RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION BETWEEN 9 & 22)

44. SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 1.HISTOPATHOLOGY- PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY 2. HAEMATOLOGY • 3.CYTOPATHOLOGY

45. SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 4. CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY –ANALYSIS OF BLOOD ,SEMEN, CSF,URINE 5. IMMUNOLOGY- STUDY OF ABNORMALITIES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

46. SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 6.EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY-RESEARCH. 7.GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY DIFFERENCES IN DISTRIBUTION, FREQUENCY & TYPE OF DISEASES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD

47. SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 8. MEDICAL GENETICS- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEREDITY & DISEASE 9. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY – DIAGNOSIS AT THE LEVEL OF DNA BY IN SITU HYBRIDISATION & POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

48. IN SITU HYBRIDISATION • In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ),

49. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

50. MEDICAL GENETICS