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Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi

Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi. Ashley Skellie & Karissa Jensen. Background. Lymphatic filariasis and elephantiasis Leading cause of permanent disability worldwide 120 million people affected More than 30% have severe cases One billion people are at risk in over 80 countries.

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Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi

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  1. Wuchereriabancrofti & Brugiamalayi Ashley Skellie & Karissa Jensen

  2. Background • Lymphatic filariasis and elephantiasis • Leading cause of permanent disability worldwide • 120 million people affected • More than 30% have severe cases • One billion people are at risk in over 80 countries

  3. Background • Elephatiasis • Was confused with leprosy • Nonsense word • WWII soldiers feared the disease • Wuchereriabancrofti • Responsible for 90% of lymphatic filariasis. • Likely brought to New World by slave trade • Lingered near Charleston, NC until 1920s • Brugiamalayi • Microfilariae first discovered in 1927 • In 1940, adult form discovered

  4. Hosts • Definitive Host: • Humans • Intermediate Host: • Mosquito • 77 species • Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Mansonia

  5. Geographical Range Wuchereriabancrofti • Asia • Subtropical and tropical • Mostly India • Africa • The Pacific • Americas • Brazil • Haiti • Guyana • Dominican Republic Brugiamalayi • Asia • South and South East • South China • Indonesia • Thailand • Vietnam • Malaysia • Philippines • South Korea

  6. Geographical Range

  7. Morphology • Microfilariae • Larvae • Adults

  8. Microfilariae • Considered advanced embryos • Retain egg membrane sheath • When stained, can see nuclei and organs • Nuclei are diagnostic • Maximum number in peripheral blood occurs between 10pm and 2am • During the day, found in tissues

  9. Larvae • Stage found in mosquito • Microfilariae ingested and turns into L1 for 8 days • Molts into L2 • Short • Sausage-shaped • Lack anus • 2 to 4 days later, molt to L3 • Become elongated, gut development completed • Juveniles 1.4 to 2.0 mm

  10. Adults Brugiamalayi • Females • 80-100 mm • Vuvla is near the level of the middle of their esophagus • Males • 13.5-20.5 mm • Tail • Curved ventrally • Bears 3 to 4 pairs of both adanal and postanal papillae. • Spicules are unequal and dissimilar • Left papillae more complex • Nuclei in end of tail Wuchereriabancrofti • Females • 6-10 cm • Vuvla is near the level of the middle of their esophagus • Ovoviviparous, producing thousands of microfilariae • Males • 40 mm • Finger-like tail • No nuclei in end of tail

  11. Adults • Long and slender • Smooth cuticle and bluntly rounded ends • Head is slightly swollen and bears two circles of papillae • Mouth is small, buccal capsule is lacking • Live in lymphatic ducts • Afferent lymph channels near major lymph glands of lower body • Take 6 to 12 months to mature

  12. Life Cycle

  13. Symptoms • Lymphatic filariasis • Asymptomatic Phase, InflammatoryPhase, Obstructive Phase • IgE mediated allergic response which brings on asthma-like symptoms • Elephantiasis • Swelling in legs, arms, genitalia, breasts • Thickening of skin and underlying tissues • Elephantiasis is more common with Wuchereriabancroftiinfections

  14. Diagnosis • Blood Sample • Nighttime draw to ensure microfilariae in sample • Presence of antibodies • Antifilarial IgG4 • Finger-prick • Detects antigens • Taken anytime during the day • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • Molecular level • Detects as little as 1 picogram of microfilariae DNA to determine which species is present • X-ray and ultrasonography

  15. Treatment • Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) • Many side effects • Kills microfilariae and usually adults with careful administration • Ivermectin • Only kills microfilariae • Best when combined with DEC or albendazole • Clean infected areas daily • Prevents bacterial infections • Exercise or use pressure bandages • Allows movement of bodily fluids • No vaccines are available

  16. Wolbachia • Wolbachia bacteria in symbiosis with Wuchereriabancrofti • Bacteria lives inside worm • Antibiotics used to kill bacteria, and kill the W. bancrofti at the same time

  17. Control • Mosquito control and preventative measures • Repellant applied to skin and bed nets • Wear pants and long sleeves near reservoirs and vectors, especially at night • Mass treatments to entire communities • Education

  18. Review • What are the definitive and intermediate hosts? • What are the 3 morphological forms? • Name one difference between Wuchereriabancrofti and Brugiamalayi. • What is the infective stage in the life cycle? • Is elephantiasis more common in Wuchereriabancrofti or Brugiamalayi? • Name two treatments.

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