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1877-1909

PRESIDENCIES OF HAYES,GARFIELD, ARTHUR, CLEVELAND, HARRISON, CLEVELAND, McKINLEY, ROOSEVELT and TAFT. 1877-1909. THE NEW URBAN LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT. The invention of the inter-urban (trolley) allowed for the development of the suburbs. Saloons (taverns) Dance Halls and Cabarets

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1877-1909

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  1. PRESIDENCIES OF HAYES,GARFIELD, ARTHUR, CLEVELAND, HARRISON, CLEVELAND, McKINLEY, ROOSEVELT and TAFT 1877-1909

  2. THE NEW URBAN LIFESTYLE AND ENTERTAINMENT • The invention of the inter-urban (trolley) allowed for the development of the suburbs. • Saloons (taverns) • Dance Halls and Cabarets • Amusement Parks • Vaudeville Shows • Professional and Intercollegiate Sports • Motion Picture Industry • City Parks • RISE OF ORGANIZED LABOR • 1830s-1860s—social reformers, “job conscious” unions (skilled trades), no national organization. • 1866—National Labor Union formed. • 1869---Knights of Labor, Uriah Stephens, Terrence Powderly

  3. KNIGHTS OF LABOR CONTINUED • MAJOR US LABOR STRIKES: • 1877-Railroad Strike of 1877 • 1884- Union Pacific RR Strike– 1st successful major strike in US history • 1886-Haymarket Square Riot May 3,4, 1886 • 1. “Wildcat” strike at International Harvester plant outside of Chicago. • 2. Police called in to restore order and force workers back to work. It failed. • 3. May 4th– protest meeting at Haymarket Square—Anarchists. • 4. early afternoon police called in to break up the protest. • 5. Fight broke out, bomb was set off—4 killed, police open fire into the crowd, 10 more die (6 police) • 6. 7 anarchists arrested all sentenced to death—Unions blamed for the riot 1892- Homestead Strike Iron and Steel Workers (24,000 members strong) v. Carnegie Steel over new work contract. • Principle characters: Henry Frick, Pinkerton Agents, Pa. State Militia • 1894- Pullman Strike • American Railway Union—Eugene Debs • INDUSTRIAL UNION 1893—protected both skilled and unskilled workers. • AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)--1886 • 1886--Organization of “craft unions”—Samuel Gompers • Union of skilled workers from different occupations, no unskilled. • Fought for pro-labor laws. • Used strikes and boycotts when necessary. • By 1914– 2 million members • Decline of Unions: • Strikes failed, Anarchists, Socialists • Govt support for owners, Disorganized labor

  4. VIEWS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • SOCIAL DARWINISM • BASED ON THE IDEAS EVOLUTION—CHARLES DARWIN • HERBERT SPENCER VIEWED THE SUCCESS OF LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISTS (ROBBER BARONS) AS EVIDENCE THAT IN ECONOMICS THE “STRONGEST” SURVIVE. • MANY DISAGREED AND VIEWED THE ROBBER BARONS AS GREEDY MEN WHO TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE POOR. MARK TWAIN CALLED THE ERA THE “GILDED AGE”—CORRUPTION AND GREED. • A NEW SOUTH • THE BOURBONS PUSHED FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION FOR THE SOUTH. • TOBACCO AND POWER—WASHINGTON DUKE AND BUCK DUKE • TEXTILES—JP STEVENS • STEEL– BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA “PITTSBURGH OF THE SOUTH” • EARLY ATTEMPTS AT GOVERNMENT REGULATION • GIBBONS V. OGDEN, 1824. • 1887—INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT-REGULATED RAILROADS. • 1890—SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT • UNITED STATES V. EC KNIGHT, 1895

  5. CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • MORE CONSUMER GOODS WERE PRODUCED. • STANDARD OF LIVING INCREASED BECAUSE OF THE NEW PRODUCTS AND AVAILABLE JOBS. • TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES LED TO THE “RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS”—SUBURBS. • INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS THRIVED, WHICH EVENTUALLY LED TO CONFLICTS THAT CHANGED AMERICA’S STANCE ON WORLD AFFAIRS.

  6. PRESIDENCY OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, 1877-1881 • HIS INAUGURATION MARKED THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION. (COMPROMISE OF 1877) • 1876—NATIONAL LEAGUE FORMED • 1877—ATTEMPTED CIVIL SERVICE REFORM • MUGWUMPS (ANTI-CORRUPTION REPUBLICANS), HALF-BREEDS (JAMES BLAINE FAVORED SPOILS SYSTEM WITH SOME CHANGES), STALWARTS (ROSCOE CONKLING FAVORED LOYALTY, PATRONAGE, SENATORIAL COURTESY AND MACHINE POLITICS) • 1877—GREAT RAILWAY STRIKE • 1877—DESERT LAND ACT • 1878—PHONOGRAPH INVENTED • 1878—BLAND-ALLISON ACT • 1877—LEADVILLE, CO. SILVER STRIKE • IMMIGRATION • CITY POLITICS—”MACHINE POLITICS”

  7. Yellow Fever Outbreak • Timber and Stone Act 1879 • Tidewater Act 1879 • Electric light-bulb perfected 1879 • Supreme Court Decisions: • The Grange • Munn v. Illinois, 1877 • Election of 1880 • Hayes believed in term limits and had promised not to run for a 2nd term • Candidates: • Republicans- • Democrats- • Greenback-Labor- • Issues • Outcome • Garfield’s Presidency • Appointments controversy in the Cabinet Stalwarts vs. Half-Breeds

  8. GARFIELD’S PRESIDENCY CONTINUED: • 1881 American Red Cross founded by Clara Barton • 1881 Tuskegee Institute founded • July 2, 1881 Garfield shot—died Sept. 19, 1881 • Charles Guiteau--Stalwart • Chester Arthur—President (1881-1885) • American Labor Unions • 1866—National Labor Union • 1869—Knights of Labor • 1881—American Federation of Labor • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883 • Farmer’s Alliances created • Edmund’s Anti-Polygamy Act 1883 • Standard Time adopted 1884

  9. POPULISM AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH: 1880S AND 1890S • ELECTION OF 1884 • CANDIDATES: • DEMOCRATS-GROVER CLEVELAND • REPUBLICANS-JAMES BLAINE • MUGWUMPS (LIBERAL REPUBLICANS) CLEVELAND • GREENBACK-LABOR—BEN BUTLER • PROHIBITION—JOHN ST. JOHN • PLATFORMS: • DEMOCRATS—LOWER CLASS, FARMERS, SILVER • REPUBLICANS—UPPER CLASS, BUSINESS, GOLD • MUGWUMPS—CORRUPTION OF BLAINE • G-L—LOWER CLASS, UNIONS, PAPER CURRENCY • PROHIBITION—BAN ALCOHOL • ISSUES: • CLEVELAND’S PERSONAL LIFE • BLAINE’S “RUM, ROMANISM, REBELLION” • OUTCOME:

  10. MAJOR EVENTS OF CLEVELAND’S 1ST PRESIDENCY • (1ST Democrat elected since Buchanan) • 1886—Tenure of Office Act repealed. • 1886—Presidential Succession Act • 1886—Haymarket Riot • 1886—The Wabash Case • 1887—Dawes-Severalty Act • 1887—Interstate Commerce Act • 1887—Dependent Pension Bill (Campaign issue for Repubs) • Social Darwinism—Herbert Spencer John Tyler??

  11. ELECTION OF 1888 • CANDIDATES • ISSUES • OUTCOME • EVENTS OF BENJAMIN HARRISON’S PRESIDENCY: • 1889 SAMOAN PROTECTORATE ESTABLISHED • 1889 AMERICAN FRONTIER CLOSED • OKLAHOMA TERRITORY ORGANIZED • OMNIBUS BILL PASSED • DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS DECLARES US NO LONGER HAS A CLEARLY DEFINED FRONTIER • COMPROMISE OF 1890 (Sherman Silver Purchase Act) • Govt. buy 4.5 million ounces of silver/month • **Required turning 50% into currency • 16:1 ratio (market value 20:1) • SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT 1890 • Outlawed any business combination that (produced goods) restrained trade • Govt. given power to regulate business and check on monopolies • Enforcement through federal courts (1890-1901 only 18 lawsuits) • PENSION ACT 1890

  12. (Harrison’s Presidency continued): • McKinley Tariff 1890 • Tariff on all manufactured goods • Tariff set at 49.5% (highest in 19th century) • Gave .02/lb to American Sugar producers • Oriental Exclusion Act 1892 • The Homestead Strike 1892 • Rise of Populism • Cause of the movement: • Leaders: • Beliefs:

  13. ELECTION OF 1892 • MAJOR ISSUES OF EARLY 1890S: • BIG BUSINESS V. GOVERNMENT REGULATION, LABOR UNIONS • PROTECTIONISM V. “FREE TRADE” • GOLD V. SILVER STANDARD • POLITICAL REFORMS—MORE DEMOCRACY • CANDIDIATES AND OUTCOME: • REPUBLICAN– BENJAMIN HARRISON • DEMOCRATS—GROVER CLEVELAND • POPULISTS—JAMES WEAVER • PROHIBITIONIST—JOHN BIDWELL • MAJOR EVENTS OF CLEVELAND’S 2ND TERM: • REPUBLIC OF HAWAII (1893) • THE PANIC OF 1893 • CAUSES: • ACTIONS TAKEN: • RESULT:

  14. 1894—Henry Ford introduces first American mass produced automobile • 1894—The Pullman Strike • Where: • Causes: • Leadership: • Result: • 1894—Wilson-Gorman Tariff • 1895—US v. EC Knight, Co. • 1896—Utah joined the Union #45 • 1896—Plessy v. Ferguson • ELECTION OF 1896 • Issues: • Candidates: • Campaign: • Result: Versus Bryan McKinley

  15. AMERICAN IMPERIALISM: 1897-1909 • PRESIDENCY OF WILLIAM McKINLEY • 1897-1899 KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH • 1898 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • STEPS TO WAR • 1895 Cuban” Libre” Revolt—Jose Marti v. Gen Weyler • 1896-97 “YELLOW JOURNALISM” • Columbia State—Joseph Gonzales • NY Journal—William Randolph Hearst • NY Globe—Joseph Pulitzer • 1896-97 BUSINESS INTERESTS • US Sugar Cane growers in Cuba • 1897 DE LOME LETTER (Feb.). • 1898 “USS MAINE” • APRIL 1898 US ULTIMATUM TO SPAIN • DECLARATION OF WAR (AND TELLER AMENDMENT) • THE WAR

  16. RESULTS OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • TREATY OF PARIS DEC. 10, 1898 • HAWAII ANNEXED 1898 • FEB. 1899-1901-INSURRECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES—EMILIO AGUINALDO • 1899-1900 PROBLEMS IN CHINA “OPEN DOOR POLICY” Sec. of State John Hay— • Open spheres of influence to American trade • 1900 THE BOXER REBELLION (Harmonious Society of the Fist) • US joins multi-national force to put down the Boxers • 1900 THE FORAKER ACT • PROGRESSIVISM • 4 Goals of Progressivism: • 1. promote social welfare • 2. promote moral improvement • 3. create economic reform • 4. foster efficiency

  17. PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT • PROGRESSIVES CAME IN TWO FORMS: • 1. ULTRA-PROGRESSIVES=SOCIALISTS • SOCIALIST REFORMS • 2. PROGRESSIVES • CORPORATE REFORM • MORE ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION • LABOR UNION MOVEMENT • MINIMUM WAGE LAWS • COLLECTIVE BARGAINING • CHILD LABOR RESTRICTIONS • WORKERS COMPENSATION • ACCIDENT INSURANCE • WORKER SAFETY • AGRARIAN RADICALISM (POLITICAL REFORM) • WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE • INITIATIVE • REFERENDUM • RECALL ELECTIONS • DIRECT PRIMARY • DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS • REORGANIZATION OF CITY GOVERNMENT • ETHNIC MOVEMENT/SOCIAL REFORMS • BLACK EQUALITY • PROHIBITION • AID TO THE POOR • URBAN HOUSING

  18. PROGRESSIVES • WHO WERE THEY? • LINK TO RELIGION: • IDEAS THAT INFLUENCED PROGRESSIVES: • 1. MUCKRAKERS • NEWSPAPER REPORTERS COMMITTED TO EXPOSING THE PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN LIFE. • “SHOCK” JOURNALISM HELPED SELL NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES • —McCLURE’S, LADIES HOME JOURNAL, HARPER’S, THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY • IDA TARBELL, LINCOLN STEFFENS, GEORGE TURNER • 2. REALISM • INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT—APPLIED TO GOVERNMENT NOTED THAT CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY AND “POLITICAL REALITY” ARE TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. • EXPRESSED IN ART—GEORGE BELLOWS • HISTORY—FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER “FRONTIER THESIS” • WRITERS—UPTON SINCLAIR “THE JUNGLE”, THEODORE DREISER “AN AMERICAN TRAGEDY” • ARCHITECTURE—FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT • POLITICAL SCIENCE—THORSTEIN VEBLEN “THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS”

  19. Progressives continued • SOCIAL REFORMERS: • Other reformers were concerned with the plight of the poor. • Jacob Riis– How the Other Half Lives– exposed the terrible conditions found in the tenement slums of NY City. NY City passed building code laws and passed fire codes. • Jane Addams– open the Hull House in Chicago. These were settlement houses where social reformers worked to give direct aid to the poor. Offered food, housing, medical care and advice on education and job training. • By 1910 there were 400 settlement houses in the US. • Florence Kelley– Child labor laws • TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS • Temperance Movement (WCTU) wanted to ban the manufacture, sale and consumption of alcohol. • Carrie Nation was one of the movement’s leaders. She would enter bars and taverns and destroy liquor bottles with a hatchet. • They were instrumental in getting the 18th Amendment passed in 1919. “Prohibition Amendment” • Women’s Rights– 1870s Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the North American Woman Suffrage Association. • Their goal was gain the right to vote for women. The movement had its first success in the western states. • 1920—19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections.

  20. REFORM OF MUNICIPAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS: • MUNICIPAL REFORM: • PURPOSE WAS TO FIGHT THE CORRUPTION OF “MACHINE”POLITICS. • 1. COMMISSIONER GOVERNMENT– GALVESTON, TEXAS. • -NO MAYOR OR A WEAK MAYOR • - CITY RESPONIBILITIES DIVIDED INTO DEPARTMENTS (EX: PUBLIC SAFETY, PARKS AND RECREATION, STREETS, FINANCES, ETC) • - AN EXPERT WOULD BE APPOINTED TO LEAD EACH DEPARTMENT. • - EACH DEPARTMENT HEAD WOULD MAKE UP CITY COUNCIL AND THEY WOULD RUN THE CITY. • 2. CITY-MANAGER GOVERNMENT– SUMTER, SC AND DAYTON, OHIO • - ELECTED MAYOR, WITH LITTLE POWER. • - ELECTED CITY COUNCIL • - APPOINTED CITY ADMINISTRATOR WHO WOULD LEAD AND ADVISE CITY COUNCIL. • STATE GOVERNMENT REFORM: SEN. ROBERT LAFOLLETTE (WISC) • “WISCONSIN PLAN” • DIRECT PRIMARIES • RECALL ELECTIONS • INITIATIVE • REFERENDUM • CHILD LABOR LAWS • TAXING RR PROPERTY • 10 HR. WORKDAY

  21. ELECTION OF 1900 • CANDIDATES: • ISSUES: • RESULTS: • EVENTS OF McKINLEY’s 2nd TERM: • 1901—PLATT AMENDMENT • 1901–- INSULAR CASES • 1901---U.S. STEEL CORPORATION ESTABLISHED • SEPT 6, 1901 McKINLEY ASSASSINATED,( died Sept. 14) • PRESIDENCY OF THEODORE (Teddy) ROOSEVELT • 1902—(JUNE) ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE • UMW—John Mitchell- higher wages, 8 hr. day, union recognition • Mine Owners (RR co’s.) “lock out” • Sept. 1902 public opinion =pro-union • Oct. 1902—Pres. Roosevelt offered arbitration, threat of troops • Compromise Elihu Root, JP Morgan- Results LEON CZOLGOSZ

  22. TR’s 1ST TERM 1901-1905 1903 WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT FIRST AIRPLANE • 1902 NEWLANDS ACT • 1903 WRIGHT BROTHER’S AIRPLANE • 1903 ELKINS ACT • 1903 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR CREATED • 1904 NORTHERN SECURITIES CO. CASE • 1901-1903 ACQUISITION OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE • 1901 HAY-PAUNCEFORT TREATY • 1902 PANAMA CANAL CO. --PHILIPPE BUNAU-VARILLA SOLD BUILDING RIGHTS TO US FOR $40 MILLION -- 1903 HAY-HERRAN TREATY (US/Colombia) Contents: Negotiations failed Nov. 1903—Panamanian Revolt. Nov. 21, 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Contents: Results: 1903--ALASKAN BOUNDARY SETTLEMENT 1904—ROOSEVELT COROLLARY (GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY)

  23. TR’s 2nd TERM 1905-1909 • ELECTION OF 1904: • CANDIDATES: • REPUB- • DEMO- • PROHIBITION- SOCIALIST- • MAJOR ISSUE: • ELECTION RESULTS: • ROOSEVELT’S 2ND TERM • RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR AND THE TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH (1904-1905) • CAUSES OF THE WAR- • TR’s INVOLVEMENT • PORTSMOUTH TREATY • 1905--1ST MOROCCAN CRISIS (AKA: TANGIERS CRISIS) • CAUSES: • TR’s INVOLVEMENT • RESULTS GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT INVITED BOOKER T. WASHINGTON TO THE WHITE HOUSE

  24. 1907-1909 voyage of GREAT WHITE FLEET • PURPOSE: • RESULTS: • 1908 ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT • CONTENTS: • MAJOR LEGISLATION PASSED 2ND TERM: • 1906 PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT • 1906 MEAT INSPECTION ACT • 1906 HEPBURN ACT • 1907 OKLAHOMA JOINS THE UNION #46 • MAJOR ECONOMIC PROBLEM: • 1907 PANIC • CAUSES: • ADVICE: • RESULT: • ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES • 1907 NATIONAL CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION • CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION, RESERVATION

  25. ELECTION OF 1908 • CANDIDATES: • ISSUES: • RESULTS: • PRESIDENCY OF WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 1909-1913 • FOREIGN AFAIRS • NEW FOREIGN POLICY PHILOSOPHY “$ DIPLOMACY” • DOMESTIC AFFAIRS • 1909 PAYNE ALDRICH TARIFF • 1909 16TH AMENDMENT • 1910 MANN-ELKINS ACT • 1910 BALLINGER-PINCHOT CONTROVERSY • (starts split between TR and Taft) • 1910 NAACP OFFICIALLY CREATED • 1910 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS

  26. ANTI-TRUST ACTIONS • Taft filed 90 different anti-trust lawsuits compared to 44 for TR in 7.5 years. • 1911—Standard Oil • 1911– American Tobacco Co. • International Harvester • US Steel • 1912-1913 Pujo Committee investigations– “money trust” • 17th Amendment • Muller v. Oregon • 1912– New Mexico and Arizona join the union. (#47, #48) • Ottawattomie Speech—TR condemns Taft’s Presidency. Splits Repub. Party. • 1913– Physical Evaluation Act • OTHER PROGRESSIVE MEASURES Bureau of Mines created Commerce and Labor split Federal Children’s Bureau established (investigate conditions of child labor)

  27. ELECTION OF 1912 • CANDIDATES: • REPUBLICAN PARTY– WILLIAM H. TAFT • DEMOCRATIC PARTY– WOODROW WILSON • PROGRESSIVE PARTY (BULL MOOSE PARTY)– THEODORE ROOSEVELT • SOCIALIST PARTY– EUGENE V. DEBS • PLATFORMS AND ISSUES: • REPUBLICAN PARTY– CONTINUE FOLLOWING TAFT’S CAREFUL “PROGRESSIVISM” • DEMOCRATIC PARTY-- “NEW FREEDOM” • FED. GOVT. SHOULD RESTORE COMPETITION RATHER REGULATE MONOPOLIES. • LOWER TARIFFS • BREAK UP POWERFUL WALL STREET BANKS WITH BANKING REGULATIONS. • RETURN SOCIAL PROGRAMS TO THE STATES. • PROGRESSIVE PARTY– “ NEW NATIONALISM” • SOCIAL JUSTICE • GRADUATED INCOME TAXES • WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION • CHILD LABOR • WOMEN’S RIGHTS • ELECTION RESULTS:

  28. WILSON’S FIRST TERM • Inaugural Address • Special Session of Congress: • Progressive Actions • 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff • 1913 Federal Reserve Act • Federal Reserve Board • 12 Districts • Federal govt. in control of money supply • Set reserve requirement at 6% • Fiat money • Set discount rate • 1914 Federal Trade Act • 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act

  29. 1914 Smith-Lever Act • 1915 Keating-Owen Child Labor Law • 1915 LaFollette Seaman’s Act • 1916 Federal Farm Loan Act • 1916 Warehouse Act • 1916 Adamson Act • 1916 Federal Highway Act • 1917 Smith-Hughes Act • 1916 Louis Brandeis appointed to Supreme Court • Wilson withdrew support for women’s suffrage. FOREIGN AFFAIRS Ended “Dollar Diplomacy” Declared US neutral in the European war that became WW1

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