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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans. Is it possible to determine when and where modern people first appeared? How would you go about this?. Homo sapiens. All contemporary populations are placed within H. sapiens .

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans

  2. Is it possible to determine when and where modern people first appeared? • How would you go about this?

  3. Homo sapiens • All contemporary populations are placed within H. sapiens. • Most paleoanthropologists agree that several fossil forms, dating back as far as 100,000 ya, should also be included in the same fully modern group as us.

  4. Questions About the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans • When (approximately) did modern humans first appear? • Where did the transition take place?

  5. Theories of Human Origins • Complete Replacement Model • Regional Continuity Model • Partial Replacement Model

  6. Complete Replacement Model: Recent African Evolution • Developed by British paleoanthropologists Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews. • Proposes anatomically modern populations arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years. • They migrated from Africa, completely replacing populations in Europe and Asia. • Does not account for the transition from premodern forms to H. sapiens anywhere except Africa.

  7. Partial Replacement Model • Various perspectives suggest that modern humans originated in Africa and then, when their population increased, expanded out of Africa into other areas of the Old World. • This model claims that interbreeding occurred between emigrating Africans and resident premodern populations.

  8. Regional Continuity Model:Multiregional Evolution • Associated with paleoanthropologist Milford Wolpoff of the University of Michigan. • Populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued evolutionary development from archaic H. sapiens to anatomically modern humans.

  9. Time Line of Modern Homo Sapiens Discoveries

  10. Early Homo sapiens Discoveries From Africa and the Near East

  11. Early Homo sapiens Discoveries From Africa and the Near East

  12. Herto Cranium • Herto cranium from Ethiopia, dated 160,000–154,000 ya. • Adult • Very large, and extremely long cranial vault • 1450 cm3 • Large, arching browridge and projecting occipital protuberance • H. sapiens idaltu, “idaltu” is Afar language meaning “elder”

  13. Specimens From Israel • Skhül 5. (a) and Qafzeh 6 (b). • These specimens from Israel are thought to be representatives of early modern Homo sapiens. • The vault height, forehead, and lack of prognathism are modern traits.

  14. Key Early Modern Homo sapiens from Europe and Asia

  15. Key Early Modern Homo sapiens from Europe and Asia

  16. Australia • 50,000 ya modern humans inhabited Sahul, area including New Guinea and Australia • Lake Mungo, SE Australia (60,000?) 30,000-25,000 ya • Kow Swamp 14,000-9,000 ya fossils with archaic features, including receding foreheads, heavy supraorbital tori, and thick bones

  17. Mladec and Dolní Crania • The Mladec (a) and Dolní Věstonice (b) crania from the Czech Republic, is a good example of early modern Homo sapiens in central Europe. • Along with Oase in Romania, the evidence for early modern H. sapiens appears first in central Europe, then later in western Europe.

  18. Cro-Magnon • European H. sapiens associated with an Aurignacian tool assemblage, Upper Paleolithic industry

  19. Aurignacian • Pertaining to an Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe beginning at about 40,000 ya.

  20. Cro-Magnon I • Cro-Magnon I (France). • In this specimen, modern traits are quite clear. • (a) Lateral view, (b) Frontal view

  21. Location of the Flores Site, Indonesia

  22. Cultural Periods of the European Upper Paleolithic

  23. Magdalenian • Pertaining to the final phase of the Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe. • Burin • Small, chisel-like tool with a pointed end, thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood.

  24. Question: • Are we all originally Africans?

  25. Answer: • Yes, all the early hominids evolved first in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world only after several million years of evolutionary history confined solely to Africa. • In every meaningful evolutionary and biocultural aspect, we are all Africans. • The next time you seriously consider the meaning of race, think about your African roots.

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