Addressing Water Insecurity in Asia: Challenges and Solutions

1. “World water day 2019” • Fresh water and Sustainable development-leaving no one behind • March 19, 2019 • Protection of our precious natural resource water with special reference to India, adaptation and mitigation strategies • Tanu Jindal • Group Additional Pro Vice Chancellor (R&D) • (Professor and Director) • Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity Institute of • Environmental Toxicology, SAfety and Management, AMITY INSTITIUTE OF Water technology AND management, Amity center for Antarctica research and studies • Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313

2. As pure as water As cool as water As innocent as water Where is that meaning gone Proud of this planet is torn Nectar of life to survive Soothest drink to revive Refreshing to take shower Having life generating power Exclusive to our green globe First medium for life to evolve Water is our need It is our life indeed Each drop is precious It’s use should be judicious Water has got miraculous Properties, qualities and uses Great Versatility it proposes In liquid, solid and gases To Support life and Various processes

3. Why is it so critical to address this issue in Asia? More than 75% of the countries in the region are experiencing serious water insecurity, with many facing imminent water crises (Asian Water Development Outlook, 2013) Around 1.7 billion people in Asia without access to modern sanitation systems About 780 million people in the region still practice open defecation and 80% of wastewater is discharged with little or no treatment Lack of access to safe water and sanitation are among poverty indicators which are no longer measured only in terms of GDP

4. Lack of hygiene Lack of access to safe drinking water Sanitation More than 60% of households live without safe, piped water supply and improved sanitation (Health in the Post-2015, Development Agenda for Asia and the Pacific) Many urban dwellers in major population centers, including Manila, Jakarta, Dhaka, and New Delhi, lack access to modern sanitation, making them more vulnerable to waterborne diseases Major issues of rapid and unplanned urbanization

5. Rural Large population is still dependent on unsafe sources of water which are highly polluted, for direct consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes, ponds and tube wells Urban India is doing better than many other countries in the world for drinking water through treated pipe water supply Drinking Water Scenario in India

6. Urgent need for Sanitation and Water Policy in India India continues to be a country with the highest number of people (638 million people) i.e. approximately 60% of the world data practicing open defecation (OD) (WHO, UNICEF, 2014)

7. India has made “moderate” progress in reducing open defecation rates among its population and has succeeded in providing access to improved drinking water to more people in urban and rural areas • The 31 per cent reduction in open defecation in India alone significantly influences regional and global estimates (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2015 update and MDG Assessment, UNICEF and World Health Organization)

8. Ministry of Earth Sciences • Study of contamination of soil and water through heavily loaded unlined drains in Delhi • The project work was planned specially keeping in view the problem of groundwater contamination in Indian context through unlined drains which are over loaded, with sewage waste from huge urban population and also waste from industries, lysimetric studies are important to know the possible sources and types of groundwater contamination through leaching

10. Nine major drains were selected in Delhi for the study: • Nazafgarh • Khyber pass • Qudasia Bagh/Mori Gate • Delhi Gate • Barapulla • Maharani Bagh • Kalkaji • Okhla • Shahdara

11. SAMPLING SHAHDARA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN OKHLA DRAIN DELHI GATE DRAIN MORI GATE DRAIN KHYBER PASS DRAIN KALKAJI DRAIN NAZAFGARH DRAIN BARAPULLA DRAIN

12. Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), (mg L-1)- 1500, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard

13. Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO3), ( mg L-1)- 500; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg L-1)- 2

14. Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg L-1)- 10; Nitrate (NO3), (mg L-1)- 45; Nitrites (NO2), (mg L-1)- 0.1

15. Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero

16. Heavy metals detected

17. Recommendations • Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the leaching of contaminants • Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the sewer before sewage release into drains would further prevent overloading of drains with contaminants • Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of toxic chemicals in drains

18. Zero Discharge of Effluent Domestic Use STP ETP & STP treated water Fresh Water Process Use ETP Tertiary Treatment Use for Horticulture

19. The government could also consider subsidizing sanitation projects at the level of individuals or community and also play a bigger role providing community latrines like toilet blocks distribution of soaps inculcating hygienic habits starting from school children Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further and strengthened The private corporate sector can also be tapped to participate in this endeavor through resources under CSR Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every household having total sanitation

20. Principles of ecosanitation FOOD FOOD closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction

21. Ministry of Environment and Forests • Surface and groundwater contamination through indiscriminate use of Agrochemicals (pesticides) use • -Rice -Cotton • -Vegetables

22. Farmers use higher doses ignoring the prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide formulations are either adulterated or do not have the prescribed active ingredient of optimum quantity • This leads to severe contamination of the soil besides the agricultural produce may carry high pesticide residues • Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the nearby streams by runoff water and also leach down to contaminate the groundwater • Farmers also use banned pesticides which are easily available and are cheap

23. Area study and Site selection

25. Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In Surface water and Groundwater Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value * BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water

26. Recommendations • Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides • Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use • Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which in turn adversely affect the environment and public health • If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis, skin irritation and problem with the development of early childhood • Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for leaching beyond national regulatory levels • Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned and adulterated pesticides

27. New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to the farmers • Promotion for the use of integrated pest management methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical control methods of pests • Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use of pesticides • Popular articles to be published for public awareness for regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages for the proper disinfection, filtration system through adsorption and boiling of the water

28. Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology,Safety and Management Department of Science and Technology To study the dissipation, leaching and persistence of Chlorpyrifos in three types of soils with different pH Chlorpyrifos is being used by pest controllers in buildings for termite control beyond the prescribed dosages of 1 L/M2 of 20% EC formulation (recommended by BIS) in India Farmers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available It is a neurotoxin that presents particular dangers to the developing brains and bodies of children, unconsciousness, convulsions, and death can result with sufficient exposure

29. The area and site selected for the study were:

30. Alkali Soil Site Acidic Soil Site Neutral Soil Site Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling

31. Chlorpyrifos Residue Contamination In Leachate of Neutral, Acidic and Alkali Soil

32. Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different formulations after treatment WP-Wettable Powder EC-Emulsifiable Concentration WG- Wettable Granules LC-Liquid Concentration ME-Microencapsulation

33. Recommendations • Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH and texture of the soil • Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro encapsulation and slow release which have low adverse impact on the environment

34. 34st India Scientific Expedition to Antarctica as part of the NCAOR programme on environmental monitoring • Environmental toxicological studies on Schirmacher (Maitri) station in Antarctic region

35. Environmental Science Courses at Amity B.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution) 2. Waste Management M.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes 2. Solid Waste management Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Courses:  1. Aquatic Ecology 2. Advances in Water Quality & Management 3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management New Course – M.Tech. (Water technology)

37. Vegetation Flow control knob Water OR Waste effluent Natural filter material First layer of soil 20 Soil Column Diameter - 22 cm Height - 130 cm Second layer of oil 20 Third layer of soil 20 Stones & Pebbles Filter Pump Fraction collector

38. Water brings civilization in existence It leaves behind all the cultural resistance Discoveries of land and countries Are through water ways Vasco-de-Gama discovered India Sailing for many days Dispersion and adoption of religions Are through waterways But man is becoming malicious Exhausting all the natural resources Making short term benefits Without considering long term losses Ocean, river, wells and lakes Falls, springs, ponds and rains Polluted and turned into drains By selfish means and gains Fresh water source are depleting Ground water level is sinking Sea water would be the only source To quench our thirst for our life discourse

39. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

42. WET LABORATORY

44. Fume hood for Toxicological Analysis

46. "Save earth to bring worth   for the new birth" THANK YOU