Questions: 1. What services are easier to provide for an area of high population density?

1. Imagine that the number of students in our AP HG Class has doubled. list the effects of this, both positive and negative. Would you like to have more, fewer or the same number of students in the class as now?

2. Questions: 1. What services are easier to provide for an area of high population density? 2. What qualities are desirable about areas of lower population density? 3. If population continues to grow locally, what is the impact on population density?

3. Human Geography Unit II. Population

4. Population Geography • Distribution of World Population • Population Statistics • Population Pyramids • Demographic Transition Theory • Population Control • Overpopulation (Malthus and Neo-Malthusians)

5. Population • Demography: The study of the Characteristics of human population • Demographers look statistically at how people are distributed spatially by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, etc. • The distribution of the worlds population is in one word “uneven”

8. A little information about world Population • 80% of pop. Lives within 500 Mi. of an ocean • World inhabitants live on only 10% of the land • 90% of pop. Lives North of the Equator • 65% lives between 20°N and 60 ° N latitude

11. Population Concentrations • 23 countries = 75% of world population (172) • 10 Countries have pops. Greater than 100M • China, India, United States, Indonesia, Brazil

12. World and Country Population Totals Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface! Total: 6.6 billion on planet as of 2007 World Clock! Five most populous regions and countries REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION • East Asia 1.5 billion China 1.254 billion • South Asia 1.2 billion India 986 million • Europe 750 million U.S. 274 million • SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 206 million • East N. Am. 120 million Brazil 168 million

13. Accessibility Topography Soil Fertility Climate Weather Water Political History Economic History Factors that Shape Distribution

14. Ecumene Ecumene, or portion of the earth’s surface that has permanent human settlement has expanded to cover most of the earth’s land area. Expansion of the Ecumene5000 BC - AD 1900

15. Population Density • Density: numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people and some other unit of interest (typically space)

16. Population Density • 2 Main Types of Densities • Crude/Arithmetic • Physiological

17. Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area. U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2 Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable (farmable) land.

18. Crude/Arithmetic Density • Total number of people divided by the total land are (also called Population Density) Limitations • Assumes Uniformity • One dimensional • Tells little about opportunities or obstacles contained in the relationship of people to land

19. Assumes Uniformity Example: New York State • 407.731 People Per Sq. Mile (6th) • Remove NY City Population of 8 Million • And area of NYC 368 sq mi. • Density = 240.19 People Per Sq. Mile

20. Population Density of Georgia

21. Physiological Density • Ratio of population to a given unit of cultivated land • Number of people dependant on each unit of cultivated land • Excludes agriculturally non-productive land • Reflects the “burden of dependency” or “carrying capacity”

22. Physiological Density • United States = 404 people are supported by 1 sq mile of arable land • Egypt = 9,073 people per sq. Mile Why is Physiological Density More meaningful than Crude/Arithmetic Density?

23. Answer • Physiological gives us a better picture of the populations strain on the country’s resources EXAMPLE United States Crude Density = 78 per sq. mi. Physiological = 404 per sq. mi. Egypt Crude Density = 185 per sq. mi. Physiological = 9,073 per sq. mi.

24. Population Density – Egypt • All but 5% of Egyptian people live in the Nile river valley • It is the only area in the country that receives enough moisture to allow intensive cultivation of crops

25. Growth

26. Growth In order to understand population growth and change we must first create an understanding of 2 significant factors: - Fertility and Mortality

27. Measuring Population • Geographers/Demographers most frequently measure population change in a country through 3 measures

28. Measuring Population • Crude Birth Rate (CBR) • Crude Death Rate (CDR) • Natural Increase Rate (NIR) • Natural means excluding migration • Crude means looking at society as a whole

30. Crude Birth Rate • Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive • CBR of 20 means that for every 1,000 people in a country 20 babies are born over a one-year period • CBR for United States 2005 = 14.1 CBR = number of live births ÷ population x 1000

32. Crude Death Rate • Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people • CDR for United States 2005 = 8.2 CDR = number of deaths ÷ population x 1000

34. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) • Percentage by which a population grows in a year

35. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) • Computed CBR – CDR after first converting the two measures from numbers per 1,000 to % (# per 100) • CBR = 20 , CDR = 5 • 20 – 5 = 15 per 1,000 or 1.5% (15÷1000 x100)

36. Natural Increase • World NIR for the 1st Half of the 20th Century = 1.3 • Peaked at 2.2 in 1963 • Declined sharply during the past decade

37. Natural Increase • 80 Million people are added to the pop. annually • High of 87 in 1989 • Small % change in the NIR are very dramatic because the % affects such a large base (7 Billion)

38. Rates of Natural Increase

39. Natural Increase = CBR - CDR

40. Effects of Natural Rate on a Large Base Population

41. Demographic Equations (Rate of Natural Increase) Growth Rate (%) = (Birth Rate – Death Rate) +/– Migration Population Doubling Time (yrs.) = 72  Rate of Natural Increase

43. Fertility • Total fertility rate (TFR) average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) • TFR attempts to predict the future (assumptions of future fertility on current) • World TFR is around 3. • Sub Saharan Africa >6 • Europe <2

44. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Amount of children a women will have on average during her child bearing years. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children. Fertility Rate = __number of live births during time period__ X 1,000 total population of females age 15-44 at mid-point of time period

45. Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The U.S. rate is 2. 2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age. England & Wales

46. Total Fertility Rate

47. Influences on Birth Rates • Family planning programs • Contraceptive technology • Role of mass media • Education/opportunities for women • Child mortality rates • Affluence/wealth

48. Mortality • Infant mortality rate (IMR) annual # of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births (usually deaths per 1,000) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = __number of infant deaths during time period__ X 1,000 number of live births during time period

49. Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore, Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone, Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children.

50. Mortality • Exceeds 100 in some LDC’s • W. Europe < 5% • Generally a reflection of a country’s healthcare system • W. Europe < 5%