ENERGY FLOW THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS

1. ENERGY FLOW THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS by d. jones

2. Habitat= the type of place where an organism lives • determined by plant communities • community = all of the populations in the same habitat • abiotic factors • soil • water • elevation • climate

3. Classification of Organisms by Feeding Modes • Producers • trap energy from the sun • sun is the ultimate source of energy for earth • use photosynthesis to make their own food • combine water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates • requires chlorophyll (they are green)

4. consumers • get food from producers • primary consumers feed directly on producers • secondary consumers feed on primary consumers • there can be tertiary and quaternary consumers

5. decomposers • bacteria and fungi • obtain their energy from organisms that have died or from animal wastes • occasionally obtain energy from organisms that are still living • athletes foot • recycle nutrients and other molecules

6. Energy Flow SUNLIGHT producer primary consumer  secondary consumer  decomposer Steps in the series are called trophic levels.

7. Trophic Levels

8. Energy Loss • energy is lost at each level • most of the energy is lost as heat • motion • metabolism • there is more energy available at the lower trophic levels • therefore there is more mass of organisms

9. We can view this as a pyramid.

10. Central Valley • grasses • produce seeds

11. valley oak • produce acorns

12. grasshoppers: grasses • crickets:grasses • Insects Arachnids • spiders: insects

13. ground squirrel: seeds, fruit • Mammals • Small • Rodents gopher: plant roots jackrabbits: grass mice: seeds ,grasses

14. Large Mammals Coyote: birds, small mammals, frogs, snakes, berries

15. BIRDS • Seed eaters • Meat eaters Valley Quail • kestrel: • insects • red tailed hawk: rabbits, ground squirrels

16. reptiles • western fence lizard: insects gopher snakes: rodents

17. Make a pyramid and place all of the organisms mentioned in the previous 3 slides at the correct level.

18. coyote Western Fence Lizard, gopher snake, Kestrel, coyote,Red tail Hawk,spiders Quail, rodents, jackrabbit, grasshoppers, crickets grasses valley oak

19. A Food Chain series of organisms though which food energy passes

20. Make a food chain for the coyote. • First - place organisms from the lowest trophic level at the bottom and work your way up the levels as you go up the page. • Second – draw arrows pointing to the organism that is doing the eating. coyote ground squirrel grass seeds

21. Food Web • feeding diagram which shows relationship between many food chains

22. Make a food web. • second place the consumers in rows similar to where they are found in the energy pyramid • first place the producers in a row at the bottom of the page • third draw arrows ( arrows point to the organism that is eating) red tail hawk kestrel coyote gopher snakes grasshoppers crickets rabbits ground squirrels quail grasses

23. More terms that describe feeding relationships. • predator • hunts for and kills its food • example coyote eating rodents • coyote is the predator • prey • animal eaten by a predator • example the rodent is the prey of the coyote in the example above

24. herbivore • eats plants only • carnivore • eats meat • omnivore • eats meat and plants • insectivore • eats insects • scavenger • consumes garbage • or carrion • organisms that were killed by something else

25. Foothill Oak Woodland

26. trees • Blue Oak • interior live oak • reproductive part = acorn

27. digger pine • pine nuts for reproduction • conifers • evergreen • needles • seeds in cones

28. shrubs • buckeye • poison oak

29. mistletoe • symbiosis=close relationship between two species • parasitism = one benefits, the other is harmed

30. lichens • symbiotic relationship • mutualism • both organisms benefit • mosses • fungi • mushrooms • bracken fungus

31. birds • scrub jay:acorns • acorn woodpecker: acorns • turkey vulture: carrion

32. mammals • mule deer:grasses • gray squirrels:acorns, pine nuts • gray fox: rodents • Bats: insects • nocturnal • Rodents(gnawing mammals):grasses & fruits

33. insects • California sister butterfly: larva eat oak leaves • oak moth larvae: oak leaves • Mosquito:mammal blood • gall wasp:larvae live in oak • termites:dead wood

34. Classify each of the organisms of the Foothill Oak Woodland using the correct terms:producerpredator prey scavenger decomposer herbivore carnivore omnivoreinsectivore