Native American Cultures in America: Inuit, Kwakiutl, Nez Perce, Hopi

1. SS4H1- Describe how early Native American culture developed in North America. SSH1a. Locate where the Native Americans settled with emphasis on Inuit(Arctic Region), Kwakiutl(Northwest region), Nez Perce(Plateau Region), Hopi(Southwest region), Pawnee(Plains region), Seminole(Southeastern region) SS4H1b. Describe how the Native Americans used their environment to obtain food, clothing, and shelter. SS4G2a. Explain why each of the Native American groups occupied the areas they did, with emphasis on why some developed permanent villages and others did not.

2. Native American Cultures in AmericaSS4H1 Scientists believe that the first people to come to North America may have come across a frozen bridge of land that once connected Asia and Alaska. They were called Paleo-Indians. Native Americans moved around to find food. They hunted fished, and gathered fruit and nuts. Inuit (Arctic), Kwakiutl(Pacific Northwest), Nez Perce(Plateau), Hopi(Southwest), Pawnee(Plains), Seminole(Southeastern)

3. THE INUIT(in-u-it)(Eskimo – “eaters of raw meat”) The Inuit settled in the Arctic ,what is now Alaska and Northern Canada. The temperature is below freezing almost all year! Cold Climate-Snow and ice covered the land.

4. ShelterThe Inuit lived near the sea in the Arctic region. The Inuit built homes from blocks of hard packed ice, wood, and caribou skin. Shelter made from wood Snow packed Igloo Shelter made from caribou skin

5. FoodThe Inuit obtained food by fishing and hunting. Arctic Foxes Whales Seals Caribou Snow shoe hares Walruses Polar bears

6. The Inuits are known for whaling. Inuits consume a diet Of Beluga and Baleen Whale. Eating whale is part of the Inuit Whale(BALEEN)is used to create a variety of art objects. Whale baskets remain one of the highest items on demand. Baleen Whales are also used as useful weapons when hunting. The Inuits used whale to make household utensils such as soup bowls, large water buckets, and other storage containers. Many of these items are made with a wooden bottom grooved to make a tight fitting spill-proof container.

7. The Inuit Clothing The Inuit used every part of the animal that they hunted. Their clothing was made from polar bear skin, caribou skin, seal skin, animal fur, and feathers. They even made clothing from trees.

8. Kwakiutl(kwahkee OOT l)(Pacific Northwest Coast) Northwest stretches from Alaska to Northern California The Kwakiutl tribe settled in Washington State, Oregon, and Northern California. They depended on the sea, rivers, and forests for their way of life. Rainy and mild climate

9. Kwakiutl ShelterThe Kwakiutl built homes from cedar logs(timber). Homes were near the pacific coast or rivers to make hunting and gathering food easier. Their homes usually faced the ocean. They lived in plank houses. The Kwakiutl built large homes from cedar trees and then decorated them with carvings and paint.

10. Kwakiutl FoodFished, hunted, and gathered roots and berries Fish(Salmon) Sea otter Clams and oysters seals whales berries Sea birds seaweed Plant roots

11. Kwakiutl Clothing The Kwakiutl made their clothing from the bark of a cedar tree. The bark was shredded to make skirts, aprons , waterproof capes, and hats.

12. The Nez Perce(nezz purse) Plateau IndiansThey were largest nation of the Colombia Plateau Region. The Nez Perce settled in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington State. They lived in the high country between the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains.They migrated throughout the region to use all the resources.Cold Climate The Plateau is between the Cascade and the Rocky Mountains.

13. Nez Perce ShelterThe Nez Perce tribe traveled on the many rivers and settled in the valleys. They built temporary houses when they followed salmon. Nez Perce lived in settled villages of earth houses. They made these homes by digging an underground room, then building a wooden frame over it and covering the frame with earth, cedar bark, and tule mats. There were two styles of Nez Perce earth houses: oval-shaped longhouses, which could be as long as 150 feet, and smaller round houses. Dozens of families lived together in a longhouse, while only one family lived in a round house. Once the Nez Perce began hunting the buffalo, they began to use tipis

14. Nez Perce Foodfished, hunted, and gatheredSalmon was caught in the river valleys. During the summer, the tribe hunted and gathered plants and berries. During the winter, they settled in their villages and lived on the food they trapped or gathered earlier in the year. berries goat salmon plants bear deer

15. Nez Perce ClothingNez Perce made clothes from deer, beaver, rabbit, grass, and tree bark. Beaver Skin Cape Deerskin Moccasins Cedar bark dress Leather Pants Grass Skirt Grass Leggings Deer Skin Dress Rabbit fur Poncho Deer skin jacket

16. Hopi(hope-ee) (Southwest)Hot and dry low land flat desert with high some high plateaus(The oldest Indian group in the Southwest)The Hopi lived in Arizona.

17. Hopi ShelterPermanent VillagesHopi towns were know as pueblos(town). The Hopi built their pueblos with many rooms and used ladders to connect the stories. Homes are built using sticks, stones, and clay called adobe. Homes are built on top to steep mesas(elevated area of land with a flattop) to protect from attack.

18. Hopi FoodFarmingThe Hopi Nation used irrigation(supply water to crops with streams, ditches, or pipes) to grow beans, squash, and corn. Enough food was grown to last a year. They also hunted birds, antelope, deer, elk, prairie dogs, rabbits, and rodents. Food was stored in containers.

19. Hopi Clothing shirt, pants, woven from wool (sheep), skirts for women, leggings Deerskin moccasins and leggings manta

20. Pawnee(Eastern Plains)The Pawnee settled in the middle of the United States-Nebraska and Kansas. The Plains regions stretches from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Texas to Canada. The Pawnees now reside in Oklahoma. This land is dry with grasslands and no trees.

21. Pawnee ShelterThe Pawnee tribe settled in permanent villages near rivers and built earth lodges. They used teepees (made of animal hide)when they went buffalo hunting(moved around looking for food) A lodge is a home that the Pawnee tribe made using bark, earth and grass. The lodges protected them from cold and story weather. Teepee from buffalo

22. Pawnee Foodhunted and farmedThe Pawnee farmed for half the year and hunted for the rest of the year. They were mainly an agricultural people. In the Spring and Fall, the Pawnee stayed in their villages and raised crops such as corn, squash, and beans. In the summer and winter they hunted buffalo on the Plains.

23. Pawnee Clothing The Pawnee clothing was made mostly from buffalo skins. Clothing was decorated with glass beads, locks of hair, or feathers. Buffalo Moccasin Clothing made from buffalo skins: leggings, loin cloth, belt, buffalo robes, skirts for women, necklaces Buffalo Robe

24. Seminoles(seh-minn-ole)SoutheasternThe Creek people became known as the Seminole Indians. The Seminoles settled in the warm, wet climate of Florida.

25. Seminole Shelter The Seminole people lived in houses called chickees. Seminole chickees were made of wood(palmetto trees) and plaster, and the roofs were thatched with palmetto fiber.  The Seminole villages(30 families) were built along rivers and streams. They also began building their houses on wooden stilts that raised the floor two or three feet off the ground. This protected their homes from flooding and swamp animals. Originally, the Seminoles lived in large villages of chickees arranged around a town square with central buildings in it, like a meeting hall and a sports field.

26. Seminole Foodfarmed, hunted, fished, and gatheredThe Seminole tribe grew corn, melons, and beans. They hunted birds and caught fish from the rivers. beans melon corn turkey fish deer

27. Seminole ClothingSeminole clothing is made from fur and woven grasses. Turban for men- very colorful, Skirts for women- shirt with cape, many beaded necklaces, sandals