Independence and Division in South Asia

Chapter 31; Section 1 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: India splits creating Pakistan • Main Idea #2: Nehru and Indira work to solve social and religious issues in India • Main Idea #3: Pakistan splits creating Bangladesh

Independence Brings Partition between the Muslim minority and the Hindu majority • Two New Nations Emerge as the Muslim League wanted its own nation before and after WWII, and Britain’s solution was partition in 1947 (grant two separate countries) • Refugees Flee Amid Violence (estimated 10 mill) as Hindus moved to India and Muslims moved to Pakistan; Estimated 1 million died • A Nuclear Arms Race increased between India (tested 1998) and Pakistan

Hindu & Muslim migration Activity… • Claim, Support, Evidence *Remember, your evidence should be data / #’s.

What is the significance of being on the cover of TIME magazine? • What messages do you see in the picture of Indira? • What does the caption get at? • Building a Nation in India was difficult due to the ethnic and religious tensions as hundreds of millions of Indians struggled • Nehru Confronts Social Problems: rising population and the castes system • A Women Leads India (Indira Gandhi, who was the daughter of Nehru), and marked a great advance for women • The principle of equal pay for equal work for both men & women • As she passed a wicket gate two of her bodyguards opened fire. The two fired 30 rounds from their Sten gun into her. After the shooting, both threw their weapons down and one said "I have done what I had to do. You do what you want to do." • Gandhi claimed that only "clear vision, iron will and the strictest discipline" can remove poverty, and Gandhi embarked on a massive redistribution program Stern Gun

Pakistan and Bangladesh Take Different Paths as one was more developed than the other • The Two Pakistans Grow Apart as Western Pakistan dominated government (even though East Pakistan had more people); Western Pakistan had investment, and East Pakistan was impoverished; East Pakistan was made up of mostly the ethnic Bengalis • Bangladesh Breaks Away in 1971 East Pakistan declares independence creating Bangladesh; Western Pakistan tried to crush the rebellion, but India helped Bangladesh break away • Islamic Fundamentalism Grows as groups continue to fight the Soviets and eventually the U.S. (supporting Taliban & Al Qaeda)

*Below are countries in the Indian Subcontinent and the year of their independence. Please map the correct location on the map to the left 1. India (broke away from Britain) 1947 2. Pakistan (broke away from Britain) 1947 3. Afghanistan (broke away from Britain) 1919 4. Nepal (broke away from Britain) 1923 5. Bhutan (broke away from Britain) 1907 6. Bangladesh (broke away from Pakistan) 1971

Finding an Independent Path was tough for the 90 plus countries who got their independence post WWII; following India and Pakistan the region of Africa gained its independence (those regions practiced nonalignment and came to define 1st, 2nd, 3rd World countries)

Map of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd world countries during the Cold War. Does not necessarily represent a current world view UN Human Development Index Statistics like GDP, GNP, literacy, and education are combined to form a list of countries ranging from very high human development to low human development

Chapter 31; Section 1 Main Ideas*You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 31; Section 1. • Main Idea #1: India… • Main Idea #2: Nehru and Indira… • Main Idea #3: Pakistan splits…

Chapter 31; Section 2 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: Mainland Southeast Asia is diverse • Main Idea #2: Indonesia struggles with over 13,000 islands, hundreds of ethnic groups, natural disasters • Main Idea #3: Philippines struggle with religious, ethnic, and social issues

Section 2; New Nations of Southeast Asia(which includes portions of the Asian mainland and thousands of islands) demanded independence following WWII (Japan’s grip was broken) • Indonesia’s Size Poses Challenges following independence in 1949 with geography (13,000 islands) and diversity (hundreds of ethnic groups, and 90% are Muslim) • Ethnic Conflicts: religious (Muslims v. Christians, and ethnic conflicts) and Natural Disasters (earthquake – tsunami in 2004) • The Philippines Seeks Democracy and consist of a group of islands with a diversity of ethnic groups; Catholics and 3 Muslim minorities make up the religious groups; 1946 the Philippines gained independence (still influenced economically and militarily by the U.S.) Sentence, Phrase, Word dealing with Indonesia & the Philippines Indonesia struggles for unity due to island isolation & ethnic differences. Philippines struggles for unity due to religious differences & econmic dependence on the U.S. Islands of isolation Ethic Conflicts Religion Religion

Mapping Southeast Asia… As a group label each of the countries on the map. If you do not know, try your best. 1. Myanmar 2. Laos 3. Vietnam 4. Cambodia 5. Thailand 6. Malaysia 7. Indonesia 8. Philippines 9. East Timor

Chapter 31; Section 2 Main Ideas*You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 31; Section 2. • Main Idea #1: Mainland Southeast Asia… • Main Idea #2: Indonesia struggles… • Main Idea #3: Philippines struggle…

Chapter 31; Section 3 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: African colonies gain independence • Main Idea #2: New African nations struggle politically • Main Idea #3: Of the 5 African nations we looked at, they all had similar stories / struggles

Section 3; African Nations Gain Independence, but created many challenges • Africans Build New Nations using many different forms of government • Moving Toward Democracy was forced in part by the World Bank (who wouldn’t give loans unless there was democracy); African countries changed by legalizing opposition parties and allowed for freedom of speech • The Stories of Five African Nations, each have a unique story and yet a similar story

Ghana got its freedom from Britain in 1957 (changing it name from the Gold Coast to Ghana); • government corruption, 2 military coups, democracy

Kenya’s freedom came using an armed struggle over coming laws putting Kenyans down; • Guerrilla warfare, kill thousands, independent Kenya in 1963, free elections in 2002

Algeria was imperialized by France • Guerrilla warfare, 1962 independence, coup in 1965, military rule during 60s and 70’s, in 1992 7 years of civil war

Democratic Republic of the Congo was Belgian colony; • Soviets backed Lumumba and the U.S. backed Seko; Seko took power ruling as a military dictator; Civil war for 6 years; peace established in 2003

Nigeria is dominated by 3 main groups (Christians, Yoruba, Muslims) • Independence in 1960; In 1966 several military coups occurred; In 70s and 80s military rulers suppressed opposition; In 1999 free elections were allowed

Chapter 31; Section 3 Main Ideas*You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 31; Section 3. • Main Idea #1: African colonies… • Main Idea #2: New African nations… • Main Idea #3: Of the 5 African nations we looked at…

Chapter 31; Section 4 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: Ethnic struggles in the Middle East deal with the Kurds and Israelis • Main Idea #2: Most Middle Eastern nations are secular • Main Idea #3: Challenges for Middle Eastern nations deal with OPEC, role of religion, revolutions, economy, Israel

Section 4; The Modern Middle East struggled due to internal divisions and autocratic government despite rich reserves • Diversity Brings Challenges from Egypt to Iran and from Turkey to the Arabian Peninsula, and while most people are Muslim there are Christian and Jews in the Middle East • Kurds Seek Freedom as they lived as the Muslim minority and faced discrimination in the northern M.E. (a part of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey); • Israel is Founded by the mandate of Palestine (holocaust added to global support of a homeland for Jews); Following WWII the UN drew up a plan to divide Palestine (Jews accepted and Arabs rejected); still Jews continued to move into Palestine; the bitterness between groups continued (Jews / Israeli v. Arab / Palestinian) SEE, THINK, WONDER What do you SEE? What do you THINK? What do you WONDER?

The Kurdish people, or Kurds are an ethnic group in Western Asia, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. 3 Thoughts,2 Questions,1 Analogy Activity T1. The Kurdish people do not have a home. T2. All the other countries dislike the Kurdish people. T3. It must be difficult to live in four separate nations. Q1. What is the biggest road block to achieving a homeland / country? Q2. Why do the Kurdish people continue to stay? A - The situation of the Kurdish people is like a homeless person trying to buy a home.

Conflicts Over Resources and Religion is tough as many Muslims disagree on the relationship of Islam in the Economy • Supplying the World With Oil are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates (which are all members of OPEC – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries founded in 1960); Since 1970 OPEC has worked to regulate the oil supply in a way that is best for them • Islam Confronts Modernization by separating government and Islam (secularism) and countries have adopted western economies, and yet life improved very little for people • Women’s Options Vary as some women have the same rights as women do in western countries and in other Middle East countries women are not allowed to drive and must have all skin covered when out in public What do you SEE, THINK, WONDER

Claim, Support, Evidence Claim – The U.S. has a problem with its oil production and consumption. Support – The U.S. consumes significantly more oil than it produces. Evidence – The U.S. is running a deficit by consuming 20.7 million barrels of oil a day, and only producing 8.5 million barrels of oil a day.

Building Nations in the Middle East have had their own unique challenges following WWII • Egypt, A leader in the Arab World in population has most if its population in the narrow Nile River valley; It’s location is strategically important because of the Suez Canal; In 1952 Nasser seized power and was determined to modernize and stop western domination (nationalized the Suez Canal), and Nasser led 2 unsuccessful campaigns against Israel which were funded by USSR • In 1979 Sadat took power and made peace with Israel and weakened ties with the USSR and sought U.S. aid; Sadat was assassinated in 1981 (Mubarak was appointed his successor) • You create it…Create a picture, cartoon, or children’s book describing the relationship between the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Mubarak, Khaled, and Facebook. Mubarak, Khaled Said & The Deadly Beating & Egypt Revolution • Khaled Said's body was barely recognizable. • The 28-year-old was beaten to death by two policemen on a street • The disturbing image of Khaled's broken face was posted on Facebook. The image quickly sparked a cyber campaign that spread outrage amongst Egypt's youth. • Khaled's death was a catalyst for the revolution. • The abuse seen in internet videos is just a glimpse of what Egyptians say they've lived with for decades. • Khaled Said's story -- and the revolution it inspired -- is now a permanent part of Egyptian history

Which one is the Shah? • Which one is the Ayatollah? • Iran’s Islamic Revolution started with the election of Mohammad Mosaddeq (who nationalized the Western-owned oil industry) • Iran’s Islamic Revolution started in 1953; U.S. help the Shah take power, which ticked off many Iranians because he returned ownership of the oil industry to the west for the next 25 years; In 1979 Shah was driven out by the Ayatollah (a religious leader and condemned Western influences); Iran’s government became a theocracy (rule based on religion); In 1979 the American embassy was taken, holding 52 hostages for more than a year; The current worry is the development of nuclear weapons • Describe 2 elements for each picture portraying the west and Arab culture?

*Map Middle Eastern countries covered in Section 4 on the map • Turkey • Syria • Jordan • Lebanon • Egypt • Iraq • Saudi Arabia • Iran • Israel • Bahrain • Qatar • UAE • Kuwait • Oman

Chapter 31; Section 4 Main Ideas*You complete the following statement focusing on what YOU got out of Chapter 31; Section 4. • Main Idea #1: Ethnic struggles in the Middle East deal with… • Main Idea #2: Most Middle Eastern nations… • Main Idea #3: Challenges for Middle Eastern nations deal with…

Independence and Division in South Asia