Human Development & Socialization

1. Human Development & Socialization Chapter 8

2. Human Development • Changes in physical, psychological & Social behavior experienced by individuals across the life span– from conception to death

3. Socialization • The process by which the individual becomes a member of a particular culture & takes on its values and behaviors

4. Ecological System • Children are more than inborn predisposition growing within a larger cultural system (Vygotsky, 1932; Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Berry, 1995)

5. TheEcologicalApproach

6. Quality of Life & Child Development • Family size & family relationship correlate w/ industrial & financial advancement • 2nd/3rd generation Mexican-American kids living in U.S. less altruistic than 1st generation w/ less money (Knight & Kagan, 1977) • U.S. kids in families w/ less than $15, 000 are more likely to be abused (Berger, 1995)

7. Parental Instructions • Vygotsky (1932) thought kids w/ knowledgeable partner advances their intellectual development • Mexican mothers of low socioeconomic status use more tactile interactions (Zepeda, 1985) • Preindustrial parents in Africa & Pacific expect children to learn on their own (Rogoff, 1990)

8. Prenatal development Conception 30 Hours 6 weeks 4 months

9. Attachment • Attachment: A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker • Contact Comfort: In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment.

10. Styles of Attachment • Strange Situation Test: A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment • Secure Attachment: A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion • Insecure Attachment: A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.

11. Cognitive Development Language Thinking Moral Reasoning

12. Language • Telegraphic Speech: A child’s first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words. • Language Acquisition Device: According to many psychologists, an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation.

13. Cognitive Development:Piaget’s Theory • Cognitive development consists of mental adaptations to new observations and experiences. • Adaptation takes two forms: • Assimilation: Absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures. • Accommodation: Modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information.

14. Piaget’s Stages of Thinking Infancy (Birth-2): Sensorimotor • Thinking based on overtly physical acts Early childhood (2-6):Preoperational • Overcoming limitations to logical thinking • Due to one-sidedness (i.e., the inability to keep two aspects of a problem in mind), as seen in the beaker and wooden beads experiments Middle childhood (6-12): Concrete Operational • Manipulation of symbols and internalized mental operations that combine, separate, and transform information logically Adolescence (12-19):Formal Operational • Thinking systematically about all logical relations within a problem; keen interest in abstract ideas and thinking itself

15. “Conservation of Liquid” Task The critical question is always: “Why do you think so?”

16. Conservation of Substance & Number • Conservation of Substance • Two identical balls of clay • One is deformed • “Do the two pieces have the same amount of clay?” • Conservation of Number • Two identical rows of pennies • One row is rearranged • “Do the two rows have the same number of pennies?”

17. Evaluating Piaget’s Theory • Stage changes are neither as clear-cut nor as sweeping as Piaget believed. • Children sometimes understand more than Piaget believed. • Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought. • Cognitive development depends on the child’s education and culture • Piaget overestimated the cognitive skills of many adults.

18. Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory • Preconventional Level • Punishment and obedience • Instrumental relativism • Conventional Level • Good boy-nice girl • Society-maintaining • Postconventional Level • Social contract • Universal ethical principles

19. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory • Tends to overlook educational and cultural influences • Some cultural differences not reflected in this theory • Moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations • Connection between moral reasoning and moral behavior is often indirect

20. Gender Development Influences on Gender Development Gender Over the Life Span

21. Gender Development • Biological Factors • Cognitive Factors • Learning Factors

22. Influences on Gender Development • Gender Identity: The fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender. • Gender Typing: Process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture.

23. How Much Do Parents Matter? The Power of Parents Limits on Parental Influence

24. The Power of Parents • Power Assertion: A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehavior. • Induction: A method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child’s own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child’s misbehavior.

25. Limits on Parental Influence • Temperaments • Peers

26. Adolescence The Physiology of Adolescence The Psychology of Adolescence

27. The Physiology of Adolescence • Adolescence: The period of life from puberty to adulthood • Puberty: The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction. • Menarche: A girl’s first menstrual period • Spermarche: A boy’s first ejaculation

28. The Psychology of Adolescence • Turmoil and Adjustment • Separation and Connection

29. Adulthood Stages and Ages The Transitions of Life Old Age

30. Erikson’s Eight Stages - I • Trust vs. Mistrust • Infancy (0-1 year) • Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt • Toddler (1-2 years) • Initiative vs. Guilt • Preschool (3-5 years) • Industry vs. Inferiority • Elementary School (6-12 years)

31. Erikson’s Eight Stages - II • Identity vs. Role confusion • Adolescence (13-19 years) • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Young adulthood (20-40 years) • Generativity vs. Stagnation • Middle adulthood (40-65 years) • Integrity vs. Despair • Late adulthood (65 and older)

32. The Transitions of Life • Starting Out • The Middle Years • Menopause: The cessation of menstruation and the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years.

33. Old Age • Fluid Intelligence: The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age. • Crystallized Intelligence: Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime.

34. Intellectual Changes Over the Lifespan • Some intellectual abilities dwindle with age. • Numerical and verbal abilities remain relatively steady over the years.

35. Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?

36. Challenging Our Assumptions • Recovery from war: Only 20% of WWII war orphans had problems after being adopted and moving to the U.S. Most of these eventually established happy lives. • Recovery from abusive or alcoholic parents: Their children are at risk for developing these problems, but the majority do not. • Recovery from sexual abuse: More emotional and behavioral symptoms, but most adjust and recover.