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Deviance & Social Control

Deviance & Social Control. Unit 5. Deviance. Deviance Can be good Not always voluntary Not always criminal Is a cultural universal Can be both group and individual Emile Durkheim: Deviance is necessary to define boundaries Erving Goffman: Negative evaluations are internalized. Deviance.

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Deviance & Social Control

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  1. Deviance & Social Control Unit 5

  2. Deviance • Deviance • Can be good • Not always voluntary • Not always criminal • Is a cultural universal • Can be both group and individual • Emile Durkheim: Deviance is necessary to define boundaries • Erving Goffman: Negative evaluations are internalized

  3. Deviance • Conformity • Stigma • Erving Goffman: Stigmatization leads to damaged identity

  4. Social Order • Social Control • Internal Social Control aka Internalization • External Social Control • Sanctions • Informal Sanctions • Formal Sanctions

  5. Biological Perspective of Deviance • Deviance is a result of biology/genes • Medicalization of Deviance • Mental Disorders • DSM-IV-TR • Psychosis • Extreme Paranoia • Schizophrenia • Bipolar Disorder • Thomas Szasz: Mental illness is a myth.

  6. Psychological Perspectives • Personality Type & Deviance Correlate • Hans Eysenk: Extroverts are prone to deviance • Albert Bandura: Deviance is socially learned • Leonard Berkowitz: Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

  7. Sociological Perspective • Sociological trends occur within deviance • Cultural-Transmission Theory • Shaw & McKay: Adolescence learn deviance from peers • Edwin Sutherland: Differential Association

  8. Sociological Perspective • Robert Merton: Structural-Strain Theory • Emile Durkheim: Anomie

  9. Achievement of Goals • Robert Merton’s 5 Methods of Goal Achievement • Conformity • Innovation • Ritualism • Retreatism • Rebellion

  10. Social Control • Control Theory: Explain deviance as a result of failure of social control • Walter Reckless’s Containment Theory: Criminals are unable to resist temptation • Howard Becker: Behavior is a result of consequences (OPERANT CONDITIONING)

  11. Social Control • Travis Hirschi’s Social Control Theory: 4 controlling factors for deviance • Attachment to others • Commitment • Involvement • Belief • Michel Gottfredson contributed to expanding, saying deviants lack impulse control and ability to defer gratification

  12. Conflict Theory of Deviance • Culture Conflict Theory • Marxian Conflict Theory

  13. Labeling Theory • Labeling Theory: • Stages to Career Deviance • Observation of deviance • Labeling of deviance • Joining deviant subculture

  14. Crime • Crime • Crimes Against Persons aka Violent Crimes • Crimes Against Property • Crimes without Victims • White-Collar Crime aka Corporate Crime • Organized Crime • Victimless Crimes aka Moral crimes

  15. Crime Statistics • General observations: • More men commit crimes than women • More minorities commit crimes than majorities • Most deviants are under 25 • Large cities have higher crime rates than smaller areas • Urban areas have higher crime rates than rural areas

  16. Factors Affecting Crime Statistics • Societal Control • Fear of retribution • Family involvement • Sociocultural (historical) factors

  17. Criminal Justice • Police • Legal Force • Normal Force • Excessive Force • Courts • Plea Bargaining • Corrections • Correctional System • Minimum Security • Maximum Security • Probation

  18. Perspectives on Crime • Functionalist: Crime provides jobs/purpose to controlling factors • Conflict: Crime due to competition between deviants and accusers • Interactionist: Crime is due to persistent negative interactions between groups

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