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Psychological Disorders

Schizophrenia. Literal translation

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Psychological Disorders

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    1. Psychological Disorders

    2. Schizophrenia Literal translation ‘split mind’ The most crippling of the psychiatric disorders Costs more than all the cancers combined

    3. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated

    4.   Symptoms include: Disorders of: thought (e.g., delusions & paranoia) language (e.g., incoherence, rhyming speech) perception (e.g., especially auditory hallucinations – 70% of schizophrenics report hearing voices) blunted or inappropriate emotions strange or odd behaviors (e.g., facial grimaces)

    5. Schizophrenia Positive symptoms Hallucinations delusions disorganized speech/behavior Negative symptoms Isolation Withdrawal Apathy Blunted Emotional Expression Negative symptoms are less influenced by medications than positive symptoms

    6. What Causes Schizophrenia? Genetic Environmental Chemical/Biological Brain abnormalities

    7. Genetic Influences on Schizophrenia

    8. Environmental Factors Identical twins don’t show 100% concordance, so there must be an environmental component. Stress triggers potential risk & can make it worse (but is hard to measure) Persons born in winter are more likely to develop schizophrenia (but only in Northern climates) In years of influenza epidemics, babies born 3 months later are at increased risk for schizophrenia (diagnosed 20 years later) Suggests one potential stressor is pre-natal

    9. Biological bases Evidence from brain scans studies using antipsychotic drugs drugs decreasing dopamine activity in brain reduce severity drugs increasing dopamine in brain (e.g., L-dopa) can produce schizophrenic-like conditions dopamine hypothesis: underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive stimulation of certain types of dopamine synapses

    10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwP2PP8CU0Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwP2PP8CU0Y

    13. Dissociative Identity Disorder Formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder The presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of behavior. Each personality has its own memories, behavior patterns and social relations Misconception: schizophrenia = having multiple personalities

    14. Dissociative Identity Disorder Identities may have contrasting personalities which may emerge in certain circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary use, general attitude and predominant affect. Time to switch between identities is usually only a matter of seconds and often accompanied by visible changes.

    15. Thought experiment What are 3 of your biggest fears?

    16. Specific phobia types in DSM-IV Animal type (snakes, spiders) Natural environment type (heights, storms) Blood-injection-injury (BII) type (seeing blood, getting a shot, watching surgery) Situational type (enclosed spaces, bridges) Other (vomiting, loud sounds, clowns) Specific Phobias Most specific phobics remember distressing event which brought onset of phobiaMost specific phobics remember distressing event which brought onset of phobia

    17. Coulrophobia

    18. More Phobias Myrmecophobia- ants Phalacrophobia- becoming bald Hobophobia-bums or beggars Acrophobia-heights Pentheraphobia- mother-in-law Hypengyophobia-responsibility Venustraphobia- beautiful women Ailurophobia-cats Gamophobia- marriage Ophidiophobia-snakes Arachnophobia-spiders Hydrophobia- water

    19. Adaptations to Predators and Environmental Dangers: Fears and Phobias Fears: snakes, spiders, heights, separation, darkness, strangers Responses: freeze, flee, fight, submit Developmental timing of onset of fears: coincides with adaptive problems

    21. OhmanOhman

    22. Watch Clips on Phobias

    23. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression) Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive Disorder)

    24. Depression ‘Common cold’ of mental illness 17% lifetime prevalence Twice as common among women as men Bias in diagnosis? Self-medicating Depression much more common among people born after mid-20th century (up to 3 times higher) Gender differences may be cause by ruminative style Gender differences may be cause by ruminative style

    25. Depression Characteristics Persistent sadness, gloom Hopelessness, guilt, worthlessness Decreased energy, marked changes in sleeping/eating Difficulty concentrating, restlessness Social withdrawal also common Social withdrawal also common

    26. Depression Environmental factors ž of recently depressed individuals experienced preceding negative life event However, only 1 in 5 experiencing negative life event develop depression

    28. Depression Cognitive features Negative view of themselves, the world, and the future (cognitive triad) Attention turned inward (rather than outward) Some research showing that depressives have a more realistic view of the world. Some research showing that depressives have a more realistic view of the world.

    29. Depression Important Risk factors Low social support Low self-esteem Ruminative response style Physical/emotional illness Previous episode of depression Heredity Medical illnesses such as stroke, a heart attack, cancer, Parkinson's disease, and hormonal disorders can cause depressive illness. Depression twice as common among the physically ill, as among the healthy. Marital factors: Women who are unhappily married, divorced, or separated, have high rates of major depression. The rates are lower for those who are happily married. Previous episode: If you have had major depression once before, your chances of developing it again increase. According to some estimates, approximately one-half of those who have developed depression will experience it again. About 50% concordance rate among MZ’s. Medical illnesses such as stroke, a heart attack, cancer, Parkinson's disease, and hormonal disorders can cause depressive illness. Depression twice as common among the physically ill, as among the healthy. Marital factors: Women who are unhappily married, divorced, or separated, have high rates of major depression. The rates are lower for those who are happily married. Previous episode: If you have had major depression once before, your chances of developing it again increase. According to some estimates, approximately one-half of those who have developed depression will experience it again. About 50% concordance rate among MZ’s.

    30. Depression

    31. Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression) Characterized by dramatic mood swings—from overly "high" and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, and then back again, often with periods of normal mood in between Depressive episode: usual symptoms of depression Manic episode Increasing rates of teen suicide 1% prevalence 1% prevalence Manic episode Increased energy, activity, and restlessness Excessively "high," overly good, euphoric mood Distractibility, little sleep needed Unrealistic beliefs in one's abilities and powers Poor judgment Spending sprees A lasting period of behavior that is different from usual Increased sexual drive Abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol, and sleeping medications Provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behavior Denial that anything is wrong 1% prevalence Manic episode Increased energy, activity, and restlessness Excessively "high," overly good, euphoric mood Distractibility, little sleep needed Unrealistic beliefs in one's abilities and powers Poor judgment Spending sprees A lasting period of behavior that is different from usual Increased sexual drive Abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol, and sleeping medications Provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behavior Denial that anything is wrong

    32. Bipolar Disorder "Manic-depression distorts moods and thoughts, incites dreadful behaviors, destroys the basis of rational thought, and too often erodes the desire and will to live. It is an illness that is biological in its origins, yet one that feels psychological in the experience of it; an illness that is unique in conferring advantage and pleasure, yet one that brings in its wake almost unendurable suffering and, not infrequently, suicide. “ -- Kay Redfield Jamison, Ph.D., An Unquiet Mind, 1995

    33. Bipolar Disorder Approximately 1 in 5 die from suicide Highly heritable 70% concordance rate for MZ twins, 20% for DZ

    34. PET scan of bipolar brain Bipolar Disorder PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

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