Spain (until 1821) and Mexico

1. JUMP STARTIn your notebook, imagine that you are a U.S. citizen. You dream of moving out West, but the western territories are controlled by Spain. If you decided to move, you must agree to become a Catholic citizen of Spain. Would you give up your American citizenship or stay where you are? Why? WRITE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK!

2. United States Spain (until 1821) and Mexico

3. United States Mexico

4. U.S. gains freedom from Great Britain in 1783 & people start “eyeing” lands across the Mississippi River….which alarms SPAIN! • They fear Anglos will outnumber the Spainards. • Anglo Americans - people whose ancestors moved from many European countries to the U.S. who share common culture/language • 1st attempt to control immigration in Missouri – (1) pledge loyalty to Spain and (2) become Catholic • George Morgan – 1stempresario to recruit from the U.S. • and founder of New Madrid in 1789 on the west bank of • the Mississippi River in what is now Missouri

5. IF ONLY IT WERE THAT EASY… • Enter the filibusters to threaten Spanish rule! • Suspected them of plotting to seize control of TX • 1st filibuster – Philip Nolan • Ignoring commands, he and his men meet up with Spanish soldiers and Nolan is killed while his men are sent to prison.

6. Neutral Ground Agreement • Land bought in 1803 in the LA Purchase • Sabine River border between U.S. & Spanish TX, but both can’t agree • 1806 compromise sets a neutral zone between Arroyo Hondo & Sabine River • Neither country will control or patrol it. SAY WHAT?!?

7. BAD NEWS BEARS • Became a shelter for lawless citizens of both nations • So many problems that Spain lets U.S. army start making arrests • Led by Lt. Augustus Magee

8. Revolutionaries, Pirates, and Filibusters….Oh My! • Revolutionaries/Gutierrez-Magee Expedition – made up of the Republic of the North Army, proclaimed TX independent from Spain – FAILURE, but did encourage others to try to free TX & Mexico from Spain • Pirates/Louis Michael Aury and Jean Lafitte in Galveston, claimed for independence but really after Spanish treasure • Adam-Onis Treaty – Spain cedes Florida to U.S. and the Sabine River becomes boundary between TX & LA  • Filibusters/Long Expedition – sought Lafitte’s help but w/out lg. # of men, surrounded & shot. Long was last filibuster in TX

9. Filibusters SUCCESS – • Encouraged many Americans to move to TX • Did more to loosen Spanish and later Mexican control FAILURE – • Did not make any part of TX free from Spain

10. LET’S REVIEW • PRE-AP – Most of these men were considered criminals by the Spanish gov’t. In your group, create a wanted poster with details about the crime committed for one of today’s filibusters. • On-LEVEL – 3-2-1 Historical Figure Review • 3 important facts about a person • 2 questions you would ask • 1 similarity/difference between you and that person.

11. Stephen F. Austin and the Empresarios

12. Towns already in Texas when Moses Austin showed up • San Antonio • Goliad • Nacogdoches • Saltillo (captial of CyT) • Why didn’t Mexico have the Mexicans move into Texas? Why did they bring in Americans? • They would have been too far from Mexico City and “civilization” • The Natives were hostile… it was safer to stay home Nacogdoches San Antonio Goliad Saltillo

13. Empresarios – The Beginning A person who was in charge of dividing up Mexican land and selling it to American settlers Ok Dad… I’ll carry out your plans for settling Texas. Moses Austin (Stephen F. Austin’s Father) Stephen F. Austin • Moses Austin - The first Anglo American to get permission from Spain to bring American settlers to Texas • Lived in Missouri until a depression hit the U.S. and he lost all his money • Went to Texas to ask the Spanish government if he could have a contract to bring Americans to settle Texas • The Spanish were suspicious that Austin was really there to grab land until Baron de Bastrop convinced the Spanish officials otherwise • Then… Moses Austin died

14. How It Worked… Stephen F. Austin was the first to get his contract approved by the Spanish (and then the Mexican) government… so he was the first empresario (he was also the most successful) Each empresario would sign a contract with the government of Mexico whereby they promised to settle a certain number of families (in Austin’s first contract he was supposed to settle 300 families) REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTLING IN TEXAS: • You had to become a citizen of your new country (Spain, and later Mexico) • You had to become Catholic • You had to be of good moral character

15. Austin interviewed the settlers and chose the people he thought would be the best for a settlement. If you had an especially useful job (merchant, doctor, mill and ferry operators) they would get extra land) Each settler paid Austin $0.12 an acre

16. After securing his contract with Mexico, Austin traveled around Texas and found what he thought was the best land for settling What are some things that make land good for settling? • Austin chose land between the Lavaca and San Jacinto Rivers. • Unlike the heavy forested area of East TX, it could clear easily. • Unlike West TX, it received enough rainfall to raise crops. • It was a good place to grow crops they were familiar with. • 1st settlement would be along the lower Colorado River.

17. The deal that Stephen F. Austin worked out with Spanish (and then Mexican) officials included the following: • Every man who came to Austin for land would receive 640 acres for himself • 320 acres for his wife • 160 acres for each child • 80 acres for each slave • Settlers who were farmers received one labor or 177 acres. • Those who raised cattle received one sitio or 4,428 acres. • Many received BOTH.

19. JUMP START • Bring me your “Colonist Survivor” handout.  • Have out your group’s GTT list from yesterday. • In your notebook, create a list of challenges that you think the colonists might have faced in their first year.

20. Austin’s First Colony Austin’s choice for his first colony was between the Colorado and the Brazos Rivers. Austin’s colony included a port because he knew he would need it to get settlers and supplies to the colony. Austin got a ship, the Lively to take people and supplies to the new colony from New Orleans. • Everything went mostly well until 1822: • The Lively shipwrecked and Austin lost a lot of supplies and colonists • Mexico won it’s independence from Spain in 1821… so now Austin had to get permission to colonize Texas from the new Mexican government.

21. Population BEFORE Empresarios: 7,000 • Population AFTER Empresarios: 22,000 • Towns established after the Americans came • San Felipe • Gonzales • Victoria • Refugio • Galveston • Bastrop • San Patricio • And many more… Nacogdoches San Felipe de Austin Gonzales San Antonio Goliad Saltillo

22. While you could come to Texas without the help of an empresario, most families didn’t. Why not? • Most settlers could not speak Spanish and needed the empresarios help getting the title to their land • Most of the desirable land was held by the empresarios • After Austin opened the door… many more men came to Texas to make money as an empresario… these men brought hundreds of American families to Texas… • Population of Texas in 1821 (When SFA started): 7,000 • Population of Texas in 1833 (around the end of empresarios) 20,000 • HOW DO YOU THINK THIS CHANGE IN POPULATION AFFECTED THE HISTORY OF TEXAS?

23. Major Empresario Grants Empresario Location Capital Problems Successes Stephen F. Austin (Father of Texas) Between the Colorado and Brazos Rivers San Felipe de Austin Drought Tonkawa & Karankawa Lively shipwrecked Disputes over boundaries Mexican gov’t revoked right to settle Convinced Mexican gov’t to let him settle Father of TX – 1st colonize Americans Settled nearly 300 families Green DeWitt West of Austin’s 1st Colony Gonzales Native American Raids Settled 166 families 2nd in number to Austin Martin De Leon South of De Witt along the Guadalupe-Near the coast Victoria Native American Raids Forced to leave TX because of anti-Mexican sentiments Did a lot to promote the cattle industry in Texas Victoria important center for trade between Mexico and Texas Power and Hewetson South of De Leon along the Gulf Coast Refugio Irish Native American Raids Irish Refugio was built on the site of an old Spanish Mission McMullen and McGloin Along the Gulf Coast San Patricio Irish Irish

26. G.T.T. – “Gone to Texas” • Written above abandoned cabins to let others know where to find them (if they went looking, of course)

27. Settlers came to Texas for many reasons: • Seeking adventure • Escaping problems in the U.S. • Attracted by plenty of cheap land ($1.25 vs. $0.25)

28. Colonists came on horseback, covered wagons, boats, and even on foot! (Limited supplies) • Early Texas colonists were mostly from MEXICO and EUROPE by way of the U.S. • African American population grew as settlers brought slaves. Even though Mexico made slavery illegal in 1829, it was not enforced. • Mexican law did protect free African Americans….which would come back to haunt them!

29. Diet Many resources available Some brought staples w/them Very unbalanced diets due to growing seasons Corn*** Homes Land offered various materials Dog trot or dog run cabins Dirt floors, later elevated due to snakes Handmade furniture Colonial Life

30. Religion/Education Had to agree or become Catholic for land grants, but very few priests in TX, so they can worship as they please No real system of education as they got started, most taught at home by parents. Colonial Life cont.

31. It wasn’t all FUN & GAMES! • DISEASE – far from doctors w/out medical training. Opted for homemade remedies. • CONFLICT w/NATIVES – some treaties were formed but fear drove Austin to create a militia to fight off raids (Texas Rangers) • TENSIONS w/MEXICO – related to people not giving 100% efforts to the requirements