Typical Development of the Preschool Child

1. Typical Development of the Preschool Child October 2007

2. Some Models of Child Development Gesell................... Maturational model Freud.................... Psychoanalytical model Skinner................. Behavioral model Piaget.................... Organismic model Kohlberg............... Moral development model Erikson.................. Psychosocial model Chess/Thomas........ Temperament model Accardo & Capute.. Neurodevelopmental model

3. Erikson’s Psycho-social Stages

4. Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)‏ 1877: Published a detailed account of the development of one of his own 10 children (born in 1839)‏ “ I am inclined to agree with Francis Galton in believing that education and environment produce only a small effect on the mind of any one, and that most of our qualities are innate.”

5. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) (Pediatrician & Psychologist) - systematically documented the development of infants and young children. - conceptualized the specialty of Developmental Pediatrics - All current infant/toddler testing is based on his work - Maturational model

6. Pysche Cattell (1893-1989)‏ Psychologist The Measurement of Intelligence in Children and Infants (1940)‏ Home Schooled Harvard Dyslexia

7. Nancy Bayley (1899 - 1994) (Psychologist) > 200 Papers, Chapters, Books Helped design the NCPP Study Most noted for work with infant testing The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (III)‏

8. Ronald S. Illingworth The Development of the Infant and Young Child The Normal School Child: His Problems Physical and Emotional Basic Developmental Screening - 0-2 years Lessons from Childhood: Some Aspects of the Early Life of Unusual Men and Women

9. Normal Development (Illingworth)‏ - A continuous process from conception to maturity - Sequence the same in all children, but the rate varies from child to child - Intimately related to the maturation of the nervous system - Cephalo-caudal (head to foot) direction

10. A child’s development can best be described by a series of quantifiers reflecting the major streams of development: - language - problem solving - gross motor - social - adaptive

11. Motor milestones best remembered but least predictive Language milestones least remembered but most predictive

12. Some Rules of Development - Barring insult to the nervous system, the streams of development proceed on a normal rate which tends to be constant - Although all streams tend to be affected by a CNS insult, one may be more affected than others. - ‘Delay’ is a term reflecting a slow rate of development in at least one stream

13. - Optimal development proceeds in an orderly and predictable fashion resulting in steadily increasing ability and sophistication - Development proceeds in the cephalic to caudal and proximal to distal directions - Development may proceed at different rates in different streams; assessment should include a measure of the rate of each stream

14. Language Prelinguistic Linguistic Social Adaptive NEURODEVELOPMENT Visual Motor Problem Solving Fine Motor Gross Motor EARs Postural Reactions Birth 12 mo 24mo

15. Developmental Milestones - Well established - Provide an excellent template by which to evaluate the development of a child - Allow one to apply the principles of delay, deviancy and dissociation to arrive at developmental diagnoses

16. Using Milestones A ‘mini quotient’ can be made with each milestone: Motor age ---------------------- X 100 = mini quotient chronological age

17. Developmental Milestones No one milestone makes a developmental diagnosis, but a pattern tends to emerge from several sequential milestones in the same stream.

18. Developmental Milestones Milestone quotients can be plotted just like height and weight, subject to refinement and correction as the child matures.

21. Motor Milestones Head up, prone................................... 1 mo Chest up, prone.................................. 2 mo Up on forearms................................... 3 mo Up on wrists........................................ 4 mo Rolls both ways................................... 5 mo Sits alone............................................. 6 mo Crawls................................................ 8 mo Pulls to stand..................................... 9 mo Cruises...........................................… 10 mo Walks alone....................................… 12 mo Runs………………………………... 15 mo Stoops and recovers………………… 18 mo

22. Motor Milestones Palmer (2006) Oski’s Pediatrics, 4th Edition

23. Davis, Moon and Ottolini, Pediatrics, Nov 98 ‘Effects of Sleep Position on Infant Motor Development’

24. Motor milestones are excellent indicators of motor competence but correlate poorly with intellectual capacity. Language and problem-solving milestones provide the best insights into a child's intellectual potential

27. 8 weeks

46. 14 months

48. Language Development Two phases: Prelinguistic (birth - 11 months)‏ Linguistic (>11 months)‏ Three main sub-streams receptive - what is understood expressive - what is spoken pragmatic - using language to influence

49. Language Development Prelinguistic AgeS.D. R Alert to sound .............................. 1.1 wk 1.3 wk E Social smile.................................. 5.0 wk 2.2 wk E Coo............................................... 6.5 wk 2.7 wk R Orient to voice............................. 2.8 mo 1.2 mo E Laugh........................................... 3.6 mo 1.6 E Razz........................................… 4.4 mo 1.6 E Babble......................................... 6.3 mo 1.4 E DaDa and MaMa (nonspecific).. 7.7 mo 1.7 R Understands “no”....................... 8.8 mo 2.0 R Gesture games............................ 8.6 mo 1.5 E DaDa (specific).……………...... 10.5 mo 2.5 E MaMa (specific)………………. 11.1 mo 2.7

50. Language Development Linguistic Age (mo)SD E First word (noun)............................……. 11.3 (2.3)‏ R One step command with gesture..……... 11.1 (1.7)‏ E 2nd word.......................................……... 12.4 (2.2)‏ E Immature jargonning.......................……. 12.2 (2.1)‏ R One step command without gesture …... 13.6 (2.1)‏ E 4 - 6 words......................................……. 14.7 (2.5)‏ R Points to 5 body parts on request...……. 16.7 (2.8)‏ E 10 words.........................................……. 16.9 (2.9)‏ E 2 word phrases.............................……... 19.2 (3.0)‏ E 2 word sentences.........................……... 20.6 (3.0)‏ R Follows 2 step command.............……... 23.6 (3.0)‏