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Typical Child Development

Typical Child Development . Sources:  Allen, K. A. & Marotz, L. R. (1999). Developmental Profiles: Prebirth through eight (3 rd ed.). Klein, D. M., Ossman, N. H., & Tracy, B. (1991). Normal Development Copybook.

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Typical Child Development

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  1. Typical Child Development Sources:  Allen, K. A. & Marotz, L. R. (1999). Developmental Profiles: Prebirth through eight (3rd ed.). Klein, D. M., Ossman, N. H., & Tracy, B. (1991). Normal Development Copybook. Development of Young Children with Disabilities#872.514 (61)Carol Ann Heath

  2. THE NEWBORN • Average weight 6.5-9 lbs. (females 7 lbs./males 7.5 lbs) • 5 to 7 percent of birth weight lost in 1st days • Average gains of 5 to 6 ounces per wk/1st month • Average length at birth 18 to 21 inches • Respiration- 30 to 50 breaths per minute • Chest is small; same size as head • Body temperatures 96-99 degrees

  3. NEWBORN cont’d • Head is large; accounts for ¼ of body length • Head circumference averages 12.5-14.5 inches • Fontanels (soft spot) located on the top (anterior) and back (posterior) of head • Tongue appears large in proportion to mouth • Cries without tears • Eyes sensitive to light; sees outlines & shapes; unable to focus on distant objects

  4. BIRTH TO ONE MONTH • Engages in reflexive motor activity swallowing, sucking, gagging, coughing, yawning, blinking, and elimination are present at birth

  5. Motor Reflexes • Rooting • Moro (startle) • Grasping • Stepping • Tonic neck reflex (TNR) • Plantar • Fetal position • Prone suspension

  6. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Blinks eyes in response to fast object • Follows a slow moving object 180º arc • Follows objects moved vertically if close to face (10-15 in) • Studies hand in TNR position • Hearing at birth; more cute than vision • Prefers sweet liquids • Smell present at birth; turns from unpleasant odor

  7. Speech and Language • Crying and fussing are major modes • Reacts to loud noises • Shows preference for sound, music & voice • Turn head in response to voice on either side • Makes occasional sounds other than crying

  8. Social Development • Experiences short period of alertness • Sleeps 17 to 19 hrs/ day • Likes to be held close, cuddled • Show qualities of individuality • Begins bonding relationships • Develops sense of trust with parents & caregivers

  9. Development Alerts- if the infant does not….. • Startle to loud noise • Suck & swallow • Gain weight, height, head circumference • Grasp with both hands • Eye-contact • Quiet in response to comfort • Patterns of vocalization

  10. ONE – FOUR MONTHS • Average length 20-27 inches; grows 1 inch per month • Weighs an average of 8-16 lbs; females weigh less than males • Gains ¼ to ½ lb per week • Respiration rate is 30-40 breaths per min • Normal body temp 96.4-99.6 º • Head & chest circumference equal

  11. ONE – FOUR MONTHS con’t • Posterior fontanel closes by 2nd month • Anterior fontanel closes to approx ½ in • Skin still easily irritated • Arms & legs equal length • Legs bowed/feet flat • Cries with tears • Eyes move in unison • Color vision

  12. Motor Development • Reflexive motor behaviors change • Grasps with entire hand • Holds hands in and open position • Muscle strength and control improving; movements are large and jerky • Muscle tone and development equal for girls and boys • Raises head and upper body on arms in prone position

  13. Motor con’t • Turns head side to side when in a supine (face up) position • Upper body parts are active; clasps hands above face, waves arms, reaches for objects • Begins to roll from front to back at will • Can be pulled to sitting position; can sit with support at four months

  14. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Fixates on moving object at 12 in; visual tracking, vertical & horizontal • Continues to gaze in direction of objects that have disappeared • Exhibits sense of size, color, shape recognition • Out of sight, out of mind • Watches hand intently • Focuses & reaches for objects

  15. Perceptual/Cognitive con’t • Alternates tracking from 1 to another • Imitates- bye bye; pat head • Hits at object with accuracy • Sound localization • Moves to music • Distinguish parent’s voice, touch, smell • Mouths objects

  16. Speech & Language • Searches for sounds • Coordinates vocalization & body • Babbles or coos when spoken to • Coos using single vowel sounds (ah, ed, uh) • Laughs out loud

  17. Social Development con’t • Can imitate, maintain, avoid interactions • Reacts to variations in adult voices • Enjoys being held, cuddles • Coos, gurgles, squeals • Smiles to face and voice • Delights in play

  18. Development Alerts- if the infant does not….. • Show steady increases in height, weight, head circumference • Smiles • Tracks objects • Brings hands to midchest • Locates sounds • Raise head and upper body when prone • Reaches for objects/people

  19. FOUR-EIGHT MONTHS • Gains 1 lb month/Doubles birth weight • Gains ½ in length mo/average length 27.5-29 in • Head circumference increases 3/8 mo • Head and chest equal • Breathing is abdominal, 25-50 breaths/min • Teeth appear with upper/lower incisors 1st • Legs bowed • True eye color

  20. Motor Development • Reflexive behaviors changing • Pincer grip to pick up objects • Reaches with arms, alternating • Transfers objects • Palmar grasp • Handles, shakes, & pounds objects • Holds own bottle

  21. Motor Development con’t • Sits without support • Pulls self into crawling position • Lifts head when placed on back • Rolls over • Scoots backwards • Likes to be placed in standing position

  22. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Locates familiar sounds • Focuses eyes on sm objects/ reaches • Uses hand, mouth, eyes to explore • Imitates actions • Shows fear of falling, depth perception • Looks for objects dropped; repeats action • Object permanence

  23. Perceptual-Cognitive con’t • Picks up inverted objects; turn, shakes • Unable to attend to more than one toy • Reaches with either hand • Plays with small toys • Bangs objects (spoons) on table • Mouths everything • Full attachment to caregiver

  24. Speech & Language • Responds to name and simple requests • Imitates sounds, cough, clicks, smacks • Responds to anger, sadness, playfulness • Expresses emotions through sounds • Talks to toys • Babbles same syllable (ba,ba,ba)

  25. Social Development • Developing sense of self • Smiles, coos, reaches out • Recognizes caregivers, reacts strangers • Imitates facial expressions • Indicates desire to be picked up/lifts arms • Laughs out loud • Seeks attention by movement, vocalization

  26. Development Alerts- if the infant does not….. • Show progress in weight, height, head size • Explore with hands/ shakes rattle • Smile, babble, laugh • Search for hidden objects • Use pincer grasp • Interest in pat-a-cake, peek-a-boo • Reach for objects • Sits alone, eat solid foods

  27. EIGHT – TWELVE MONTHS • Gains in height slow to ½ in month; 1 ½ times birth length at 1st birthday • Weight increases by 1 lb month; triples birth weight; average of 21 lbs • 20-45 breaths per min/abdominal breathing • Head & chest equal • Anterior fontanel begins to close • Four lower/upper incisors; 2 lower molars • Visual acuity 20/100; binocular coordination

  28. Motor Development • Reaches w/one hand to grasp; transfers • Uses deliberate pincer grasp • Stacks & nests objects • Releases by dropping/throwing • Pulls to standing; walks around w/support • Good balance; shifts positions • Creeps; crawls up/down stairs • Walks with adult support or alone

  29. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Shows object awareness to 20 ft; points • Responds to hearing tests; localization • Follows simple instructions • Reaches for out of reach but visible toys • Still mouthing • Drops toy to reach for others • Hits blocks together

  30. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Shows use of objects-pretends to drink from cup, hug doll • Shows sense of spatial relationships • Sense of causality • Show awareness of working relationships- spoon in mouth, brush for hair • Searches for hidden objects

  31. Speech and Language • Babbles; shouts to get attention; listens • Shakes head for “no”; nods for “yes” • Responds to name • Babbles in sentence like sequences • Waves bye bye • Says “da da” and “ma ma” • Vocalizes & dances to music • Hands toy when asked to

  32. Social Development • Fear of strangers; clings or hides • Wants parent in constant sight • Cries, hug leg, reaches to be picked up • Resists caregiver requests; • Attached to favorite toy/blanket • Repeats attention getting behaviors • Carries out simple requests

  33. Development Alerts- if the infant does not….. • Blink when object approaches eyes • Begin to cut teeth • Imitate simple sounds • Follow requests-come, bye-bye • Transfer objects • Show anxiety to strangers • Feed self • Creep or crawl

  34. THE TODDLERS 12 to 24 MOS • Slower rate of growth; grows 2-3in/yr; • Average height 32 – 35 in; weight 21-27lb • Heart rate 80-100 per min • Anterior fontanel is nearly closed at 18 mo • Chest is larger than head • 6 – 10 new teeth • Visual acuity is 20/60

  35. Motor Development • Crawls skillfully; stands alone; gets to feet unaided; walk unassisted; falls often • Enjoys pulling & pushing toys • Attempts to run; Crawls up stairs • Sits in a small chair • Whole arm scribbling • Helps feed self; turns pages; stack blocks

  36. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Enjoys object hiding activities • Enjoys looking at picture books • Demonstrates understanding function relationships: bowl/spoon, saucer/cup • Names everyday objects • Places items in container, dumps out • Tries to make mechanical objects work

  37. Speech and Language • Words & sounds in speech-like patterns • Holophrastic speech- one word to thought • Follows simple directions • Identifies three body parts when asked • Responds to “yes” or “no” questions • Locates familiar objects • Use 5 to 50 words • Enjoys rhymes and songs

  38. Social Development • Helps pick up toys and put away • Plays alone for short periods • Imitates adult actions in play • Recognizes self in mirror • Enjoys being read to • Asserts independence; resists dressing • Tantrums

  39. Development Alerts- if the toddler does not • Attempt to talk or repeat words • Understand new words • Respond with yes/no • Walk alone • How interest in pictures • Attempt self feeding • Recognize self in mirror

  40. THE TWO YEAR OLD • Weight gain 2-2 ½ lb mo; 26-32 lb average • Grows 3-5 in/yr; average height 34-38 in • Respirations slow & regular 20-35/min • Brain reaches 80% of adult size • Teeth nearly complete; 2nd molars appear; • Body temp fluctuates with activity, emotions, environment

  41. Motor Development • Wide-stance walk; heel-to-toe pattern • Squats when playing • Climbs stairs unassisted (not alternating) • Balances on one foot • Achieves toilet training • Throws large balls • Holds cup; opens doors; Pours; stacks 4-6 • Uses feet to propel wheeled riding toys

  42. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Eye hand coordination; pegs in board • Uses objects for intended purposes • Simple classification tasks • Attends longer period of time • Cause and effect • Names objects in picture books • Recognizes and expresses pain

  43. Speech and Language • Participates in reading by pointing • Uses 50-300 different words • Receptive more developed than expressive • Utters 3-4 word sentences • Refers to self • Expresses negative words, “no” “no more” • Uses plurals, tells about objects & events

  44. Social Development • Shows signs of empathy; comforts • Temper tantrums peak; impatient • Enjoys helping w/household tasks • Bossy; orders everyone about • Watches & imitates older children • Defiant, shouts “no” • Ritualistic

  45. Development Alerts- if the toddler does not…. • Eat well • Walk confidently; avoid bumping objects • Carry out simple 2 step directions • Use 2-3 word sentences • Show interest in other children • Beginning toilet training • Sort familiar objects by color, size, type

  46. THE PRESCHOOLER- 3 yr old • Average height 38-40 in; adult height can be predicted from height at three years (males are 53% of adult height; females are 57% of adult height • Weight averages 30-38 lbs • Neck appears to lengthen; • Full set of baby teeth • Consumes 1500 calories daily • Visual acuity 20/40

  47. Motor Development • Walks up/down stairs, uses alternating feet • Balance on one foot; jumps in place • Kicks large ball; throws ball overhead • Feeds self; manipulates zippers • Pedals a tricycle or Bigwheel • Catches ball with both arms extended • Tripod grasp; stacks 8 blocks • Shows hand dominance

  48. Perceptual-Cognitive Development • Listens to stories; makes comments; enjoys guessing and suspense stories • Points to correct pictures upon request • Plays realistically • Draws circles, squares, letters • Points to “more”; Counts outloud • Shows understanding of time

  49. Speech and Language • Talks about objects, events not present • Describes actions of others • Asks many questions • “Watch me” stage • Joins in social rituals, “hi” & “bye” • Vocabulary- 300-1000 words • Sings songs; rhymes • Answers what and where questions

  50. Social Development • Understands taking turns, won’t usually • Nightmares, fears the dark, monsters • Joins in group activities • Talks to self; engages in make-believe • Defends toys & possessions • Listens to stories up to 10 min • Still has special blanket, toy

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