Unit 1 The Reformation

1. Unit 1 The Reformation Chapter 4

2. Why is This Happening? Humanism/Individualism new ways of thinking knowledge than the Dogma Begin with the idea of reform- end with split The Reformation is a transformative event that will help set Europe on its modern path

3. Seeds of Revolt Late middle ages Challenges from kings Thinkers

4. Babylonian Captivity • French Pope

5. Great Schism • 2-3 different Popes

6. Church Practices Indulgences Sale of offices (Simony), Fees for sacraments Absenteeism Pluralism, Clerical Ignorance, Moral laxity of Clergy

7. Critics of the Church Martin Luther was not the 1st

8. Lollards: John Wycliff Vernacular personal connection with God Excommunicated

9. Jan Hus Czech Bible was the sole authority in Christianity- not the pope. God loves us- doesn’t judge us Burned at the stake as a heretic

10. Martin Luther and the Beginnings of “Protestantism” • Lived in Holy Roman Empire- which was good distance away from Rome (esp in North where Luther lived) HRE was center of Northern Humanism- looking to use Christianity to build a better world

11. Who is Luther? • Urged people to study the Bible for themselves (few Catholics- even priests- had read it) and to form a personal connection to God

12. Why is he unhappy? John Tetzel was selling indulgences 1517 published 95 Thesis denied the infallibility of the pope and said Jan Hus had NOT been a heretic)

13. What did he do? • Can no longer “reconcile” with church- creates his own. • Confession of Augsburg written as a last attempt at compromise, became a statement of protestant beliefs • Salvation through faith, not sacraments • Bible sole authority, not pope • We are all equal in eyes of God • Used vernacular, allowed married clergy and divorce. Encouraged Education (read bible) Sermons in each service. Consubstantiation.

15. HRE Allied with POPE Charles V

16. Germany 1524-1525 Peasant’s saw Luther as throwing off ALL authority. Demanded an end to all serfdom and tithes. Luther did NOT support this- spoke against it- and it was savagely crushed (100,000 dead) Peasant’s War

17. League of Schmalkalden 1531 Formed by Princes who became Lutheran (looking to gain power for themselves, break away from Emperor and Church ties) Stood against Charles V (aided by Francis I of France, who wanted to push down Hapsburgs) Led to Hapsburg Valois Wars 1531-1539 as well as a German Civil war (beginning of wars of religion)

18. Peace of Augsburg 1555 Ended the German Civil War Legalizing Lutheranism only in HRE. Princes could choose if their land was Protestant or Catholic.

19. Reformation in Switzerland and France Switzerland Southern areas stayed Catholic Moved from Switzerland into France

20. Swiss: Zwinglianism • Theocracy in Zurich • Argued with Luther about the Eucharist- said it was only symbolic, didn’t represent anything

21. Anabaptists Protestants who were against infant baptism Voluntary association- no allegiance to any particular state Accepted Polygamy Rejected the idea of the trinity- believed the end of the world was near

22. Calvinism Geneva (the city that was a church) became a theocracy

23. Principles Predestination: (no free will) Already decided, but if you live a good enough life- God will let you know. (the “elect” visible saints living among men) Church should be governed by Presbyteries- groups of ministers/elders who rule church council and town. Strict rules, no frivolous activities (music, dancing or cards) Stark churches, plain clothes.

24. Protestant Work Ethic Importance of hard work- that all tasks done well pleased God. Whether you grow rich or poor depends of YOU and what you do- God helps those who help themselves. Would have major social impact on Calvinist societies (focus on business etc..) Pilgrims

25. Spread • Dutch Reform Church: Netherlands • no impact on Ireland, Italy, Spain

26. English Reformation William Tyndale • Is about power • Humanist • Translated the bible into English in 1526 (Base of the King James version) Hunted down and executed 1535

27. Henry VIII • Catholic lands confiscated by king, (600 monasteries convents) sold for profit • Divorce permitted at discretion of king (shocker) • 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace- rebellion of common folk in favor of RC church- crushed

29. Aftermath of Anglican Split Edward VI (r 1547-1553) Added to Anglican by allowing married clergy- recognized only 2 sacraments (baptism and communion) Mary I (r 1553-1558) tried to restore Catholicism by force (bloody Mary) Elizabeth I (r 1558-1603)- Anglican, Politique • Elizabethan settlement: law says you must be Anglican in public- do what you want at home • 39 Articles: Anglican Creed. Followed protestant ideas, but loose enough most (except Puritans) could live with it

31. The Catholic (Counter) Reformation 1534

32. The Council of Trent Creates index of forbidden books after 1540 no new country becomes protestant. Makes split between Catholics/protestants permanent and implacable.

33. Jesuits • 3 Goals • 1. reform church through education • 2. Spread Catholicism • 3. Fight Protestantism In charge of Inquisition. Stamp out Heresy.

34. Political Impact of Reformation • Shattered the last unifying element in European culture. Made it easier for them to fight each other. • Positives: Religious enthusiasm rekindle, and literacy expanded (keep up with arguments etc…)

37. Dutch: Strongly Calvinist- wanted freedom from Hapsburg Control- will lead to prolonged war which will diminish Spanish power England: Elizabeth gets things settled (with problem of Catholic claimant Mary of Scots to deal with) But religious issues will return with House of Stuart vs. Puritans

38. German States • Civil War from 1547-1555 (league of Schmalkalden) only first wave- issues become about power as well as faith • Peace of Augsburg

39. Marriage Origins of “family values”.

40. Social Class Protestantism appealed to all classes Overall ever increasing emphasis on secular world

41. Women Protestant Catholic No more convents etc… meant that women lost main opportunity for leadership. Protestant women meant to be devoted wives and mothers- subordinate to men. Although, marriage supposed to be based on Love rather than econ. Encouraged to read bible (therefore literate) Continued to have opportunities as nuns etc… Ursuline Order founded by Council of Trent to educate women in their faith.

42. Chapter 5: A Century of Conflict 1555-1648

43. Politics, Religion and Warfare • Constant warfare- a mix of politics and religion. • War is different-slaughter from guns and artillery.

44. French Wars of Religion 1562-1598- civil war Valois , Bourbon vs. Guise

45. Origins • Calvinism (Huguenots) • 40-50% of nobility became Huguenots • Political • Nobles resent king’s power

46. Religious Riots and Civil War St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Catholics slaughtering Huguenots all over France

47. War of Three Henrys 1572-1589 15 year civil war with over 500,000 killed Henry of Navarre

48. Triumph of the Politiques Henry of Navarre Privately he remained Calvinist

49. Edict of Nantes 1598 Gave religious rights to Huguenots in France. Revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV NOT religious tolerance or mixing

50. Spain: Philip II and Militant Catholicism Philip (“the Most Catholic”) ruled Spain at the height of its power (their golden age, lasts > 100 years, in part b/c kings are so inflexible)