Chapter 31: Years of Crisis

1. Chapter 31: Years of Crisis

2. Essential Questions: • Describe the changes in the world during the 1920’s and 1930’s including changes in technology and the roles of women. • List and explain Hitler’s three main goals for Germany as defined in his book.

3. Section One: Postwar Uncertainty and Advances I. A New Revolution in Science • horrors of WWI shattered Enlightenment belief in reason and progress • ppl began to question traditional beliefs • ideas of 2 men had enormous impact on 20th century- Albert Einstein & Sigmund Freud

4. A. Albert Einstein • German born physicist, Albert Einstein, offered new ideas on space, time, energy and matter • theory of relativity said that though light is constant, space and time are not- they can be changed

5. B. Sigmund Freud • Austrian physician, Sigmund Freud, treated patients with psychological problems • Freud believed most human behavior is irrational and driven by our unconscious seeking of pleasure

6. II. A Revolution in the Arts • post war art explored traditional styles but also created new ones • artists wanted to depict inner world of emotion and imagination • 1907- Spanish painter Pablo Picasso founded style of cubism • Surrealism- art mov’t that sought to link world of dreams with reality

7. III. Society Challenges Traditional Roles • WWI disrupted traditional social patterns- especially those of women and young ppl • war allowed women to take on new roles outside home- highly influential in women obtaining suffrage (vote) • Women also abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles- wore shorter, looser garments and had hair “bobbed” • wore make-up, drove cars, drank and smoked in public • attitude of and toward women was challenged and changing

8. Women’s Fashion Changes Traditional Dress

9. IV. Technological Advances Improve Life • during Great War many inventions and improvement were made- esp. in medicine, transportation, communication • automobile became much more affordable and available • availability of automobile affected where ppl lived and worked • air travel became a focus- major airlines were established in the 1920’s • radio and motion pictures became popular and widespread after the war

10. Assignment • Read pages 900- 901 and write two facts about each of the following technologies: • Automobiles- • Airplanes- • Radio- • Movies-

11. Section Two: A Worldwide Depression Recession vs. Depression

12. I. Postwar Europe • WWI left European nations nearly bankrupt • War’s end saw sudden rise of new democracies- most European countries have democratic gov’t for first time • new democracies sometimes struggled w/ lack of experience, frequent changes in gov’t • weaknesses of these gov’ts made voters in several countries willing to sacrifice democratic ideals for strong leadership

13. II. The Weimar Republic • Germany’s new democratic gov’t set up in 1919, called the Weimar Republic • Weimar Republic faced serious problems and weaknesses from the start • Millions of Germans blamed Weimar Republic for Germany’s defeat & humiliation after WWI • Germany also faced severe economic difficulties

14. III. Economic Crisis in Germany • during the war, instead of increasing taxes to pay for wartime expenses, Germany had simply printed more money • after Germany’s defeat this paper money lost value • Germany continued to print money in order to pay debts • caused severe inflation- (example, loaf of bread cost less than a mark in 1918, 160 marks in 1922, and over 200 billion marks in 1923)

15. Many lost faith in Weimar Republic as depression in Germany continued • By 1924- international committee headed by American Charles Dawes, instituted a plan to help Germany recover • As German economy began to rise relations b/w European nations improved

16. IV. Financial Collapse in America • late 1920’s US economic prosperity sustained world economy • US economy weakened=whole world’s economy suffered • 1929- US economy in trouble • Tuesday, October 29th US stock market crashed- known as Black Tuesday • unemployment rates rise as industrial production, prices, and wages declined- by 1933 ¼ of Americans were jobless • period of business slump= the Great Depression

17. V. A Global Depression • collapse of US economy affected the world • US bankers demanded payment of overseas accounts • US investors w/draw $ from European businesses • US market for European goods declined • US raised tariffs on foreign goods to try and keep US $ in US- other nations did same= world trade dropped by 65% • B/c of war debts & dependence on US loans, Germany & Austria hit hard by depression

18. VI. The World Confronts the Crisis • Depression confronted democracies w/ serious challenge to economic & political systems – ea. nation met crisis in its own way • France and Britain sought to recover their economies while preserving democratic gov’ts • US pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt began a program of gov’t reform called New Deal • US, France, Britain eventually recovered from Depression, became leaders of democracy in a world threatened by ruthless dictators

19. FDR and the New Deal Speech- go to 11:34 (or may be counted as -6:37)

20. Section Three: Fascism Rises in Europe

21. I. Fascist Beliefs and Policies • Fascism- militant political movement • no clearly defined theory- emphasizes loyalty to state and obedience to its leader • Promise to revive economy and punish those responsible for troubles • special uniforms, special salutes, held mass rallies to foster unity and support

22. II. Mussolini Comes to Power in Italy • Fascism in Italy grew b/c of disappointment over failure to win more territories after WWI, rising inflation, and unemployment • Benito Mussolini, newspaper editor, led rise of Fascism by promising to rescue Italy from Depression • Mussolini gained support of middle class, aristocracy, and industrial leaders • Oct 1922- 30,000 fascists marched on Rome and forcibly placed Mussolini in charge of gov’t

23. Benito Mussolini

24. A. Il Duce’s Leadership • Mussolini now Il Duce (leader) of Italy • abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties • Fascist writings only thing allowed published or spoken on radio- outlawed strikes • Italy model for Fascists countries

25. III. Hitler Takes Control in Germany A. The Rise of the Nazis • 1919- little known man, Adolf Hitler joined a political group that believed Germany should overturn Treaty of Versailles • National Socialist German Workers Party- or Nazi – created form of fascism called Nazism • Hitler’s organizational and public speaking skills allowed him to be chosen as der Fuhrer (leader) of the Nazi party

26. Hitler attempted coup of Germany, he failed, was arrested and sent to prison for 8 months • While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf, (My Struggle) a book outlining his goals for Germany:

27. Hitler’s Goals for Germany: 1. Unite all German-speaking ppl to form one great German Empire= Third Reich 2. Racial “purification”- believed in an Aryan “master race” destined to rule the world. Other inferior races, such as Jews, Slavs, and other non-whites fit only to serve Aryans 3. National expansion- believed that in order for Germany to thrive it needed more “lebensraum”- living space

28. B. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • After Hitler’s release from jail he was generally ignored but when Germany entered another depression they turned to Hitler for help • Jan. 30th, 1933 Conservative leaders appointed Hitler as Chancellor thinking they could control him but Hitler gained total control of gov’t • Hitler demanded dictatorial rule for 4 yrs, got it- then turned Germany into a totalitarian state • Hitler Speech- RealPlayer/Youtube

29. created Schutzstaffel or SS as a protection squad- wore black uniforms • They arrested/murdered 100’s of Hitler’s enemies • Nazis took control of economy and soon put millions of Germans to work

30. C. The Fuhrer is Supreme • Hitler controls every aspect of German life • To gain support he turned press, radio, literature, painting, and film into propaganda tools • Hitler burned books that did not agree w/ Nazi beliefs, churches were forbidden to criticize Nazi party, forced children to join Hitler Youth or League of German Girls

31. Supported a policy of anti-Semitism (prejudice against ppl of Jewish heritage), blamed Jews for all of Germany’s problems • 1933- Nazi gov’t passed Nuremberg laws depriving Jews of most of their rights, violence against Jews increased

32. D. Other Countries Fall to Dictators • while Italy and Germany taken over by dictators, other European nations falling to totalitarian gov’ts • Only in European nations w/ strong democratic tradition did democracy survive • By mid 1930’s powerful nations of the world were split into 2 antagonistic camps- democracies vs. totalitarian rule

33. Section Four: Aggressors Invade Nations

34. I. World Drifts to War A. Militarists Take Control of Japan • Great Depression struck Japan in 1930’s • military gained support, took over gov’t • kept Emperor Hirohito as head of state, but he had no real power • Japan wanted to solve its problems through expansion- planned on conquering China to gain raw materials

35. B. Japan Invades Manchuria • 1931- Japan invaded Manchuria (on Chinese mainland)- very rich in coal • first direct challenge to League of Nations • league protested, Japan responded by w/drawing from League

36. C. Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia • League’s failure to stop Japan encouraged Mussolini • 1935- Mussolini invaded Ethiopia- League condemned invasion but didn’t stop it • Britain/France believed if they allowed Italy to have Ethiopia, Europe would remain at peace- demonstrated new policy of appeasement- giving in to demands in order to maintain peace

37. D. Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty • Hitler slowly began to break Treaty of Versailles: • (1) Hitler challenged restrictions on army size- began rearmament with no interference from League of Nations • (2) 1936- invaded Rhineland, claiming German speaking ppl there wished to be a part of Germany again

38. He was not challenged by either Britain/France= strengthened Hitler’s power w/in Germany • began to speed up military and territorial expansion • Hitler’s growing strength encouraged Italy and Japan to join in an alliance w/ Germany= Axis Powers

39. II. Western Democracies Fail to Halt Aggression • Britain/France, hoping to keep peace, repeatedly don’t challenge Germany’s/Italy’s territorial expansions= appeasement A. United States Follows an Isolationist Policy • U.S. policy of isolationism—belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided • believed WWI was too costly= US ban on loans/sales of arms to nations at war

40. B. The German Reich Expands • After taking Rhineland, Hitler planned to take more land to create Third Reich (Empire) • (3) March 12th, 1938- German troops march into Austria unopposed- Germany announces the “anschluss,” (union) complete • U.S. and rest of world do nothing to stop Germany

41. Hitler Takes Austria

42. C. Bargaining for the Sudetenland • 3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland; Hitler (falsely) claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, sends troops to border • France/GB had promised to protect Czechoslovakia- 1938, Prime Ministers Daladier (France) & Chamberlain (GB) meet w/ Hitler • Sept. 1938- sign Munich Agreement, (4) gives Sudetenland to Germany in exchange for promise that this would be Hitler’s “last territorial demand”

43. Chamberlain claims he has ensured “peace for our time” • Winston Churchill condemns appeasement- warns war will follow • (5) Six months later Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia • As Axis powers moved unchecked in 1930’s, war appeared inevitable

44. “Peace for Our Time”- The Munich Agreement

45. Assignment • In your Journal- create a timeline of Hitler’s 5 treaty violations