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Cell Structure & Function

Learn about the cell theory, different types of cells, cell parts, and the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function Thursday, January 2, 2020

  2. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

  3. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

  4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

  5. Number of Cells • Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

  6. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

  7. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria

  8. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal

  9. “Typical” Animal Cell

  10. “Typical” Plant Cell

  11. Cell Parts Organelles

  12. Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm

  13. Surrounding the Cell

  14. Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer

  15. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  16. Inside the Cell

  17. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

  18. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

  19. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins

  20. Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material

  21. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

  22. Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum & floating throughout the cell

  23. Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

  24. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell

  25. Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

  26. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape

  27. Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place

  28. white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell sperm cheek cells nerve cell Paramecium Different kinds of animal cells

  29. Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell Different kinds of plant cells

  30. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria

  31. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present

  32. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall

  33. Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Body tube Objective Coarse adjustment Clip Fine adjustment Condenser Arm Stage Iris diaphragm Condenser control knob Mirror Base

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