Revolutionary War for Independence

1. Revolutionary War for Independence Colonists vs British

2. Critical Questions….. • 1.) Could Parliament tax colonists without representation in Parliament? Why or why not? • 2.) Did the rights English law gave free men in England also belong to free men in the colonies? Why or why not?

3. Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts (remember these???) • To control the economy, the British reinforce existing laws  • Who do these laws help? • 1763 P.M. Grenville increases collectors • Navigations Acts: colonist must 1. Transport their goods only in British/Colonial ships 2. Export certain enumerated goods to Britain 3. Purchase imports from Britain

4. Writs of Assistance • Colonists used to economic freedom-smuggling increases with Nav. Acts • Writs of Assistance: general search warrants authorizing officials to search homes for smuggledgoods

5. New Acts and Taxes • Sugar Act 1764: reduced existing taxes on colonial imports of sugar and molasses from Spanish and French West Indies • Currency Act 1764: could not produce own currency • Reaction: merchants continue to smuggle goods to avoid tax; opposition brewing

6. New Taxes • Stamp Act 1765: first internal tax (not on imports/exports) • Required stamps to be on print materials • Wills, mortgages, almanacs, pamphlets, newspapers, playing cards, etc • Reaction: colonists view as an act of tyranny • “no taxation without representation” • Refuse to buy stamps; attack tax collectors

8. Stamp Act Protests – Sons of Liberty • Boston Shopkeepers, artisans, laborers organize a secret resistance group –SONS of LIBERTY • Founder – Samuel Adams • Harass stamp agents – many resign • Colonial protests prevent any stamps from actually being sold! • Individual colonial assemblies pass resolutions - people can only be taxed by their own assemblies/representatives

10. Stamp Act Congress – colonies make collective protest – begin to act as one Delegates from 9 colonies meet in NY to denounce the Stamp Act • Declaration of Rights and Grievances – Parliament lacks power to tax colonists because colonists not represented in Parliament! • Begins colonial boycott of goods – merchants agree not to import British goods until Stamp Act repealed

11. Quartering Act • Quartering Act 1765: colonists required to provide soldiers with food and living quarters • “Protecting colonists from Indian attacks”

12. Resistance to quartering act • NY is headquarters for British troops • NY Assembly refused to assist in quartering troops • Skirmish occurs; one colonist wounded • Parliament almost suspends Assembly's power but Assembly begins to supply money

13. Townshend Acts • Townshend Acts 1767: initiates taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea • % of tax goes to royal governor; less dependent on colonial assembly • Reactions: reinstate nonimportation • Daughters of Liberty form • Response: British use military courts; colonists denied a jury trial-$$$$ • Act repealed 1770

14. Troop arrival • October 1768: British troops arrive to solve political unrest in Boston • Presence of troops increases hostility • Colonists see it as threatening and colonists compete for jobs with poorly paid soldiers looking for extra work during off duty hours

15. Boston massacre – Paul Revere’s engraving

16. Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770 • Angry colonial mob descend upon British at Custom’s House • Hurled rocks and snowballs, egged on soldiers (Sons of Liberty) • Capt Thomas Preston in charge; shots fired without command • 5 dead including 1 slave (Crispus Attucks)

17. Boston Tea party • Tea Act 1773: British East India Co allowed to sell tea to colonists without paying taxes colonial tea makers had to pay • Cuts colonial tea makers out of the tea trade • Reaction: 50 members of SOL dress up as Indians; 18,000 lbs. of tea dumped into Boston Harbor; ¾ a million dollars • Reenergized colonists; stricter enforcement

18. Colonial Poem – Tea Boycott A Lady’s Adieu to her Tea Table Farewell the Teaboard with your gaudy attire, Ye cups and saucers that I did admire To my cream pot and tongs I now bid adieu; That pleasure’s all fled that I once found in you No more shall my teapot so generous be In filling the cups with this pernicious tea, For I’ll fill it with water and drink out the same, Before I’ll lose Liberty that dearest name Before she shall part I will die in the cause, For I’ll never be governed by tyranny’s laws.

19. Intolerable/Coercive Acts 1774 • King George III is furious. Parliament passes Intolerable Acts • Shuts down Boston harbor • General Thomas Gage (commander of British forces in N. America) appointed new Gov of MA • Boston placed under martial law

20. Colonial Response….. • Committees of Correspondenceassemble First Continental Congress in Philly 1774 • 56 delegates from 12 colonies • Draw up Declaration of Colonial Rights • Defend colonists’ right to run own affairs • Support protests in MA • State that if Britain uses force again colonies they will fight back • Agree to reconvene in May 1775 if their demands are not met

21. Colonists Divided at First CC • Stay with Britain or break away? • One country or separate entities? • American or British? • BIG names at 1st CC – George Washington, Patrick Henry, John and Sam Adams, John Jay

23. Fighting Erupts Shot Heard Around the World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZMmPWTwTHc

24. Minutemen • After the 1st CC, colonists in many New England towns step up military preparations. • Minutemen = civilian soldiers – ready to fight at “a minute’s notice” • Minutemen begin stockpiling arms and gun powder

25. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD • April 1775 • General Gage receives orders - seize colonial military supplies in Concord, MA (outside Boston) • Told to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, believed to be in Lexington, MA • 700 British troops head to Concord to seize and destroy all munitions they find • Paul Revere, Dawes and Prescott ride through countryside warning that soldiers are coming • Countryside rings with church bells and gun shots – prearranged signals the British are coming

27. Lexington and ConcordTwo small towns about 20 miles west of Boston

28. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD British march into Lexington; unknown shot is fired and the Britishbegin shooting the Patriots. 8 minutemen killed, 10 wounded British keep marching to Concord Militia has removed weapons from depot, British find nothing British run into 400 armed colonial soldiers, ready for attack Patriot militia attacks and the British retreat

29. End Resultshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZMmPWTwTHcShot Heard Around the World • British retreat; British soldiers are attacked by militia men and farmers hiding behind stone walls, buildings and trees; guerilla warfare • Overall, British lose 99 men, 74 wounded • Militia loses 49 men, 46 wounded

30. Loyalists V. Patriots LOYALISTS/TORY – remain loyal to the crown PATRIOTS – favor independence 1. British are taking colonies for granted 2. Not allowed to act/live freely 3. British not protecting colonists’ interests • Colonies are British property • Parliament is acting as it should • We are British • Colonies are causing British to respond this way

31. Loyalists/Tories Imagine – WHY? Why might a colonists choose to be a loyalist? Bitter choices – divided the colonies and even families apart (first Civil War)

32. LOYALISTS/TORIES • Exact # difficult to know (many change sides as war progresses). Estimates are @ 20% • Many live far from cities and know little of the events that are enraging the colonists and making them want independence • Many thought the British would inevitably win and want to avoid being punished as rebels • Thought the crown could protect them and their rights more effectively than a future unknown colonial government • Some Loyalists served in positions such as governors, judges, etc and felt a closer tie to the crown

33. Battle of BUNKER HILL • General Gage decided to hit minutemen dug in at Breed’s Hill north of Boston near Bunker Hill • June 17,1775 - 2,400 British troops march up the hill - in typical broad formation lines • Massed together, easy targets, no ground cover • Colonists fire – kill over 1,000 (lose only 450). Ends up bloodiest battle of Rev.

34. 2ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESShttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBBTF0Wg7dY&list=RDPBBTF0Wg7dY#t=0(No More Kings) • Summer - 1775 • 2CC meets in Philadelphia • July 1775 send king Olive Branch Petition • Ask for time to work out situation and for return to “former harmony” • King George rejects the petition, says the colonists are in state of “open and avowed rebellion,” and tells ministers to “bring the traitors to justice.”

36. 2nd Continental Congress • Appoints George Washington as General of Continental Army

38. Patriots Declare Independence Ideas and Documents that fuel the Revolution

39. THOMAS PAINE – Common Sense

40. THOMAS PAINE • January 1776 • Publishes an anonymous, persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense • Created to convince colonists that Parliament is not the problem • The King is the Problem • Monarchy is inherently bad • Written for the common people-Bible quotes • Widely circulated and helped many colonists overcome their doubts about separating from GB

42. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • Separation proposed by Richard Henry Lee in June 1776 • Continental Congress appoints a committee made up of John Adams, Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. • July 4th, 1776 – delegates adopt the Declaration of Ind and vote unanimously that they are free from England

43. Declaration of Independence • People born with natural rights – life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness (Locke) • Governments get power from consent of governed • People have right to alter/abolish governments that threaten their rights • All men created equal (??????)

45. FIGHTING

47. BEGINNING OF THE WAR Major Revolutionary Battles – what is the significance of each one? Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Trenton Battle of Saratoga Battle of King’s Mountain Guilford Court House Yorktown

48. TIDES TURN Before 1777—America loses frequently After—America gains European support and wins more often Battle of Saratoga: (New York) American troops, led by Benedict Arnold, stop the British advance of troops to the southern United States. 1777 This victory improves morale and convinces Franceto join the war as allies of the United States.

49. FRANCE JOINS THE COLONISTS The Saratoga victory boosts French trust in colonists. They officially recognize American independence and sign an alliance with Americans in 1778.

50. Winter at Valley Forge 1777/1778 • December 1777 - Valley Forge, PA • Washington’s Army struggles to stay alive no food, log cabins, freezing temperatures, enlistment terms ending • Frostbite – many lose limbs • 10,000 soldiers – over 2,000 die