India under British Rule “Jewel in the crown”

1. India under British Rule“Jewel in the crown” Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Modified by: Pamela Hammond Brantley County HS Nahunta, GA

2. Early European Control • Mughal Empire allows European to establish trading posts in India (Port, 1498 others follow) • East India Companies are formed (joint stock companies) by Br, Fr, Du • 1600s Br. Bombay, Calcutta, Madras • Mughal Empire collapsing in 1707 • Invasions by Iran further weaken • Europeans see a lack of leadership move in to take advantage…. • Br and Fr Seven Years War (1756-1763) Fr loses most of its ports in India • Br. EIC, under leadership of Robert Clive, win battles against Fr and seizes their ports (1856)

3. The British East India Company: 1600 - 1857

4. British East India Company • India was ruled not by Britain but by a corporation • Trade not colonization was main goal • Colonization developed over time to control trade in raw materials…. • Employed Indians to serve in the army to protect company interests SEPOYS • British rule over growing parts of India referred to as Raj (reign) • Introduce “westernization, Anglicization, and modernization • Supports “traditions”…shows favoritism toward some to gain favor and loyalty 1719 coin 1804 coin

5. India: 18c-early 19c

6. British East India Company Agents

7. Main export from India to Britain

8. Sepoy MutinyRevolution of 1857 • Sepoys concerned about EIC taking over so much land • New cartridges introduced to soldiers for their guns…“bite the bullet”… coated with animal fat (Hindus afraid was beef, Muslims pork) • EIC handle situation badly… jail those that refused to obey orders…Sepoys attack Delhi and spread rebellion north and central India • EIC put down rebellion within a year Br. gov takes over rule of colony • Damage done…nationalism rises

9. The Sepoy Mutiny: 1857

10. Execution of Sepoys:“The Devil’s Wind”

11. Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857

12. The Raj: "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire

14. 1877: Queen Victoria Becomes “Empress of India”

15. Queen Victoria in India

16. Queen Victoria: Receiving the Crown of India

17. Positive effects of British Rule • Br build India’s infrastructure…3rd largest railroad network in world • canals, telegraph lines, dams, bridges • improve public health—sanitation, sewers (cholera) • Education expands Bengal Medical Service, 1860

18. Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s

19. Negative effects of British Rule • Br. held most of the political and economic power…Indians locked out of Indian Civil Service • India not allowed to manufacture own goods…could only supply raw materials • had to buy Br. manufactured goods • Emphasis on cash crops (tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, opium) reduced land planted with food crops---famine • Racism against Indians and their religious affiliations (Hindu, Muslim)

20. The Rise of Indian Nationalism

21. Indian Nationalism Grows • Rammohun Roy (1772-1833) “Father of Indian Nationalism” promotes Pan-Indian Nationalism • sees need to modernize and westernize…reforms some traditions • sati, female infanticide, education (men and women). • INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS formed in 1885 • run by educated middle class angered over discrimination • Called for shift in expenditures from military to alleviate poverty

22. the Indian National Congress • 1885  The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay. • swaraj  “independence.”* the goal of the movement.

23. the Muslim League • 1905  partition of Bengal based on religions and languages. • 1906  creation of the Muslim League.

24. Britain’s Eastern Empire • Outside of India, Br was able to take control over • Burma (1784) for rice and timber • Singapore (1824) aid in trade with China (control straits)… • Demands of IR and advances in technological revolution encourage colonization and makes traveling great distances much easier and faster. • Plantations demand workers • slavery abolished • indentured servants recruited • ship’s passage paid in return for 5-7 years work; • paid small wage…Indians, Africans, and some Chinese take Br up on offer

26. Australia and New Zealand • James Cook explores and claims between 1769 & 1778 • Better ships (clipper) make travel easier • Encounter hunter gatherers in Australia and fishermen/farmers in New Zealand • Br sees Australia as an outlet for overcrowded prisons…first settlers were 736 convicts…ill equipped and ignorant about farming, building….practically failed • Treated Aborigines must like Amerinds treated in Americas diseases killed off, mistreatment, pushed off land (did not get rights until 20th century) • Gold discovered in Australia in 1851---rush of immigrants—sheep herding, and industry grew in region • New Zealand good waters for sealing and whaling….almost wiped out species • Br. encouraged self-gov following Canadian model (1867)…feared independence movements like in US…1901 Australia become a federation w/n Br. Commonwealth, 1907 New Zealand becomes a self-gov dominion. • Both areas first to grant women the right to vote (1894)

27. The Sun never set on the British Empire