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Animal nutrition

Animal nutrition. Chapter 41. Function. 1. Digestion 2. Absorption of nutrients/water Energy Growth 3. Elimination. Heterotrophs. Intracellular digestion. Extracellular digestion. Extracellular digestion. Fig. 41-9. Crop. Gizzard. Intestine. Esophagus. Pharynx. Anus. Mouth.

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Animal nutrition

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  1. Animal nutrition Chapter 41

  2. Function • 1. Digestion • 2. Absorption of nutrients/water • Energy • Growth • 3. Elimination

  3. Heterotrophs

  4. Intracellular digestion

  5. Extracellular digestion

  6. Extracellular digestion

  7. Fig. 41-9 Crop Gizzard Intestine Esophagus Pharynx Anus Mouth Typhlosole Lumen of intestine (a) Earthworm Foregut Midgut Hindgut Esophagus Rectum Anus Crop Mouth Gastric cecae (b) Grasshopper Stomach Gizzard Intestine Mouth Esophagus Crop Anus (c) Bird

  8. Digestive system

  9. General structure • Gastrointestinal tract (tube) • Mucosa: inner layer (epithelial) • Submucosa: connective • Muscularis: 2 layers of muscle • Serosa: outer layer (connective) • Plexues: nerves located in the submucosa

  10. Digestive organs • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) • Large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, anus)

  11. Digestive organs • Accessory organs • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas

  12. Digestion • Mouth • Teeth • Gizzard (in birds to help grind food) • Salivary glands • Secrete saliva • Amylase (enzyme to breakdown starch)

  13. Mouth

  14. Salivary glands

  15. Digestion • Chew or mastication • Tongue pushes food • Pharynx • Epiglottis closes • Esophagus

  16. Pharynx

  17. Esophagus • Esophagus • Muscular tube • Connects pharynx to stomach • Peristalsis: • Rhythmic movement of muscle contractions • Moves food along • Esophageal sphincter: • End of esophagus keeps food in stomach

  18. Stomach • Mucosa lining (epithelial) • Parietal cells • Secrete H + Cl ions • Chief cells • Secrete pepsinogen • Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin • Digests proteins

  19. Stomach • Gastric juices: • HCl, pepsinogen & mucus pH=2 • Chyme: • Mixture of partially digested food

  20. Stomach

  21. Stomach

  22. Small intestine • Chyme • Leaves stomach via pyloric sphincter • Duodenum • Digestive enzymes from pancreas • Bile from liver & gallbladder • Most digestion occurs in the duodenum & jejunum

  23. Intestines

  24. Small intestine

  25. Small intestines • Villi along intestine epithelium • Microvilli • “brush border” • Aids in absorption • Secretes enzymes • Break disaccharides (sucrose, lactose)

  26. Small intestine

  27. Accessory organs

  28. Accessory organs • Pancreas • Secretes fluids via pancreatic duct • Exocrine system • Trypsin & chymotrypsin (proteases) • Amylase (starch) • Lipase (fats) • Bicarbonate (neutralizes HCl) • Endocrine (insulin and glucagon)

  29. Accessory organs • Liver • Secretes bile • Contains bile pigments & bile salts • Bile pigments are waste from break down of RBC • Eliminated

  30. Accessory organs • Bile salts • Emulsify the fats • Bile made in liver • Stored in gall bladder • Released when eat fatty meal • Gallstones can block release

  31. Smallintestines • Monosaccharides, aa are transported to the blood capillaries • Hepatic portal vein • Liver • Heart • Transported to body

  32. Smallintestines • Fatty acids & monoglycerides • Villi • Triglycerides • Chylomicrons: (triglyceride & protein coat) • Lymph system

  33. Fig. 41-15b Microvilli (brushborder) at apical(lumenal) surface Lumen Bloodcapillaries Epithelialcells Basal surface Epithelial cells Lacteal Lymphvessel Villi Key Nutrientabsorption

  34. Fig. 41-16 Triglycerides Lumenof small intestine Fatty acids Monoglycerides Epithelialcell Triglycerides Phospholipids,cholesterol,and proteins Chylomicron Lacteal

  35. Carbohydrate digestion Protein digestion Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Oral cavity,pharynx,esophagus Disaccharides Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) (sucrose, lactose) Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides,maltose Stomach Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Essential nutrients Lumen ofsmall intes-tine DNA, RNA Fat globules Polypeptides Polysaccharides Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin andchymotrypsin Pancreatic nucleases Bile salts Maltose and otherdisaccharides Fat droplets Nucleotides Smallerpolypeptides Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Glycerol, fattyacids, monoglycerides Amino acids Epitheliumof smallintestine(brushborder) Small peptides Nucleotidases Nucleosides Disaccharidases Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase,and aminopeptidase Nucleosidasesandphosphatases Nitrogenous bases,sugars, phosphates Monosaccharides Amino acids

  36. Large intestines • Absorbs water • Absorbs vitamin K • Concentrates wastes • E. coli • Feces • Cloaca • Combines feces & urine wastes in some animals

  37. Large intestine

  38. Large intestine

  39. Food • BMR • Basal metabolic rate • Obesity • Heart disease, diabetes, stroke • Anorexia, Bulimia

  40. Essential nutrients • Essential aa • Minerals • Vitamins • A, B-complex, C, D, E, K • Scurvy, rickets, pernicious anemia, bleeding

  41. Abnormalities • Ulcers • H. pylori • Bacteria • Treated with antibiotics • Reflux: • Gastric juices go backwards to esophagus

  42. Hiatal hernia

  43. Volvulus

  44. Intussusception

  45. Pyloric Stenosis

  46. Jaundice

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