Information Management in the Age of Cloud computing Disruptive Innovations Perspective

1. Information Management in the Age of Cloud computing Disruptive Innovations Perspective S. M. Shafi Department of Library and Information Science University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 190 006.

2. The Presentation  The Cloud  Disruptive Innovations  Problem  Objectives  Method  Analysis & Results : Possible solutions  Future: Planning & Implementation  Conclusion

3. Problem o An exploratory study o To understand the Potential of present opportunity of Change Dynamics in ICT, here CC, for Information and knowledge Management particularly for Library and Information Professionals.

4. Objectives  To ascertain whether Professionals have begun seriously consider the changes C.C brings  Impact of C.C on Traditional services of Library & Information management visa-vis cost, speed etc

5. Method  The study is based on the literature available and scanned by the author on the theme primarily from Emerald and Elsevier databases etc and some empirical study during my interaction with certain tools.  The results are summed up to make my case about the future of the cloud in IM and KM based on the premise of Disruptive innovation Theory

6. The Cloud  Fuzzy, Distant, Diffuse and Immense  Environment or Arrangement where institution Relies on Remote Hosting for major Automation Component.

7. The Cloud  Marketing Term more than Technical One  Highly Clustered and Distributed performance  Computing Tasks Across Many Devices  to Maximize Performance with High tolerance for the Future of Individual Components

8. Desk to Cloud Cloud computing Grid computing Client-server Personal Stand alone

9. Cloud Computing History : Most prominent 2007 Definitions: Authors differ Some Technical Some Simple

10. Cloud Computing  [. . .] a model for enabling convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool  of configurable computing resources (e.g. network, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction (Han, 2010)  A Style of computing in which massively Scalable and Elastic IT enable Capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies (Gartner Group)

11. Others …  Any server usage or software application you can access outside of your local server (Wolf, 2010)  An emerging architecture by which data and applications reside in cyberspace, allowing users to access them through any web-connected device (Murley, 2009)  The simplest and shortest definition “a new technology model for IT services” (Goldner, 2011)

12. Argue …! Let us argue from the definitions and types: It is not technology that is important but opportunities it affords for Efficiency, Savings, Cooperation & Collaboration.

13. Example

14. Layers (3#4)  (1) Software as a service (SaaS), Application as a service (AaaS) &/or  (2) Hardware as a Service (HaaS) or Platform as a Service (PaaS), and  (3) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

15. The Cloud: features o Abstract technology platform (Generalized Access to Remote Resources rather Local and Discrete servers) o Utility model of computing (Fees Charged of Use rather Capital investment In Hardware or Software Licenses) o Computing Need on Demand rather Resources allocated on  Elastic Quality & Power of Computing Resources (INCREASE @ Peak use LOWER on Scale down)

16. The Cloud: Future Separate Hype From Substance: o Ubiquitous Internet means uninterrupted access to data/application o Library ‘s media Collection, movies and video streams on your personal storage o Reshapes the way organization handle computing needs continue…

17. The Cloud: Future o Age of The CLOUD - Not quite arrived – obstacles remain o Internet Commercially not become sufficiently pervasive or cheap o Supplements rather Replaces locally installed Software o On Planning more exclusively small Scale done but Great deal depend upon

18. Disruptive Innovation *A term coined by Clayton Christensen *A process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the Bottom of a market and then relentlessly Moves up market, eventually displacing Established Competitors.

19. Disruptive Innovation An innovation (ie disruptive) allows a whole new population of consumers at the bottom of a market access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill.

20. Disruptive Power (from Telegraphy to Telephone)  Technologies (of radical nature) often looked upon initially, with cynicism or dismissed - as useless inventions.  William Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone invention as “an electric toy ”when his company declined inventors’ patent for US $ 100.000……… Orton : (the president of Western Union.)  The telephone eventually killed Telegraph and led to demise of Western Union

21. Disruptive Power (Social Networking) Only a few yrs ago online social networking was regarded as a diversion for young Adults & is now a part of Retail Companies Strategic and critical component of organizations larger Marketing Efforts Online social Network was further catapulted into mass fame (2011) following Arab uprisings (resulted) fall of Dictatorial regimes.

22. Example DISRUPTOR DISRUPTEE Cell phone Landline P. C’s Mainframe Cloud Client- server

23. Disruptive innovation: Types  New Market Disruption: Customers prevented due to cost/complexityissues Example: Canon’s photocopier; printers etc  Low End Disution: Affects low end of the original business, Not create new market they attract least attractive customers: Example: Cheap Airlines in USA, India  Hybrid: Both above . Example: American Southwest Airlines

24. Cloud Computing: Disruptive Innovation Attribute  Potential to destabilize ICT Markets relying on providing Traditional on premises ICT Solutions.  Create other Business opportunities that didn’t exist before consuming ICT ,both soft and Hard  The penetration of the cloud and Social Networking into IM lend support to this theory  The theory also suggests that it initially have performance problems---characteristics of DI. (loss of service by S. Networks etc)

25. Library & Information Management: Analysis Status: What is happening? Possible solutions: o Data o Library services o Digital library o Information services o Web services

26. OCLC survey (March 2011) *Sample: 300 librarians out of 2700  5% have started CC (AmazonEC2; VMWare; Vcloud Express)  13% use CC as Stage and Backup (Dropboxetc)  55% used CC Applications ( with leaders being Google Docs, Google Calendar & Gmail)  66% using C based sharing Applications with leader being Facebook; Twitter, Flicker and You tube.  19% had created Library related Applications' using Cloud service

27. Possible solutions: Data Silos?  Silos are generally associated with large chambers for storage and preservation of Grain — keeping it free from spoilage by isolating from potential interference from external bodies.  On similar pattern, organizations have created ‘Data silos’

28. Many Eyes Allows to upload data, enables to create visualizations for sharing / embedding. Google Docs Used to make data publicly available Yahoo Pipes Helps to create mashups through GUI

29. Twapper Keeper Service to create archives of Twitter- comments of a particular weightage. (http://twapperkeeper.com) Webometric Analyst Application of API’s to create network diagrams----in webometrics NodeXL A virtualization &Networking tool/template in EXCEL - 2007/10

30. Possible Solutions o Departmental Computing vs. Cloud Model (DC offers several advantages: responsibility and highest cost, personnel whereas Many factors Go in favor of CC) Hosting Option Choices collocation; Dedicated server hosting ; Virtual Server Hosting-less Expensive o Many (Remote website Hosting; Server

31. Possible Solutions (Iaas) o Infrastructure-as- a- Service(IaaS) ( TO MOVE IN REALM OF the Cloud ACTUALLY)  More Legtimately considered as CC, As an abstract approach to gaining the right level of capacity for an organizational infrastructure; Subscribes to computing and storage Capabilities on need basis, Elastic characteristics . Example: EC2 

32. Possible Solutions (Iaas) o Data Storage in the Cloud  Data Devices incredibly inexpensive and flexible.(USB Disk drives, Flash Drives) But Misplaced and inherently insecure.  A Major Component of IaaS Example: Amazons: S3

33. Possible Solutions (Storage)  PERSONAL PORTABLE STORAGE Offer modest space @ Little or NO COST SERVICES:  Dropbox (http://www.dropbox.com) Free 2GB  Wind Live SkyDrive (http://explore.live.com/windows- live-skydrive) Free 25GB

34. Possible Solutions (Storage) o Amazon Cloud Drive (http://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/learnmore) Free 5GB  Box.net (http://box.net) business oriented offer 5GB  Adrive (http://www.adrive.com) 5o GB free

35. Possible solutions (SaaS)  Software-as-a- Service(SaaS) (Access to software Applications over the web rather than using individual instances on local workstation)  Multitenant Architecture (involves ability shareable among many simultaneously) for a single instance of the Application

36. Possible solutions (SaaS) Recent Products Designed and Deployed (through SaaS NEW Generation Library Automation Products include : Primo Central & Alma from Ex Libris  Many & Most popular Productivity and Communication Applications (personal or Business use): Gmail and Google Docs.

37. Possible solutions - ASP  Application Service Provider (asp) Not Recent (1990)  Traditional Model (Client –Server) Server Installed In Library/Organisation  ASP –Client Server Same - server Reside In Data Centre/Client Access Server Through Internet

38. Possible solutions - ASP Provides – Many Characteristics For Legacy Applications- not Specifically developed for Multitenant Access   LIBRARY PERSPECTIVE ---MOST APPILICATION BENEFITS OF SaaS  Provider Perspective more effort than SaaS  One Instance VS All Organisational Users  Subset of SaaS

39. Possible Solutions: Platform as a service  PaaS  Offers a complete technology stack (including Support for programming.  Language/appilication programming interfcae; Database functionality; Data store

40. Platform as a service (Examples)  Google Appilication Engine (http://code.Google.com/appengine) supportsprogramming languages such as jav,python,Go  Amazon Web Service(http://aws.amazon.com)---a complex set of products Spanning g both Iaas /PaaS  Force.com (http://www.forcr.com) is an underlying platform for Salesforce.com

41. Possible Solutions: Platform as a service Bungee Connect (http://www.bungee.com) –a platform for development of Cloud based Applications. o  Heronku (http:// www.heronku.com) is a PaaS for the Ruby Programming Language. o Others: Many Library developers have written Utilities &Extensions making use of OCLC’s ‘WorldShare platform ‘as a Development platform

42. Planning for the future AN INEVITABLE FUTURE?  Technology Budgets services drift towards subscription Based  Hence libraries Need to PLAN 4 the changes Associted with Major Shift  Swithching to an ILS delivered through SaaS Need More PLANNING Compared to Free Use of Services such as: Dropbox Or Google Apps

43. Planning for the future REBALANCE BUDGETS FOR TECHNOLOGY  Consider costs (Best value offer local vs. cloud)  Negotiate service –level Agreements (Guarantees with services) ?  Recognize cloud computing implications for internet Bandwidth

44. Planning for the future SHIFT TO LIBRARY AUTOMATION  (make Major Investment in Core Automation Systems to manage operations collection/Services) and provide access to CONSIDER ASP offerings: SirsiDynix- Globally (In 2011 it reports 700 of its customers deploy either Horizon or Symphony through SaaS. Largest Library Automation vendors

45. Planning for the future CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS  EX-libris(www.exlibrisgroup.com)  Alma (http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/categor/Almaoverview)(Ex- Libris Next Generation Library AutomationPlatform (2012))  Biblionix(http://www.biblionix.com) provides product called apollo to small public libraries through SaaS

46. Planning for the future CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS Bibliocommons ( http://www.bibliocommons.com) --A new Generation Catalogue Interface for public libraries Basd on Social Networking Conceptsdeliverd through (SaaS) Open Sorce Automation Systems (use IaaS/SaaS) LibLime Academic Koha using Amazon EC2

47. Planning for the future CONSIDER MULTITENNANT SaaS Libray Automation Products that Embrace More modern understanding of Saas ie Beyond vendor hosting of Traditional software Serials products related to Management of and Access to Electronic resources solutions (http://www.serialssolutions.com)offers

48. Planning for the future REPOSITORIES MOVE TO CLOUD Libraries can implement I.R/D.C/ D.preservation activities through the Cloud. o Merge of Dspace and Fedora Commons ie Common Governance Duraspace(http:// www.duraspace.org) o DuraCloud (http://duracloud.org)(2011(pilot2009) to deliver flexble service for Storage, Long term preservation & Access in Digital repositories

49. Planning for the future  iOCLC EMBRACES CLOUD  From World Cat to “ World share Management Services”  World share Management Services fits in Several Aspects of Cloud computing.  Operates in Computing Infrastructure it owns/maintains.  More than 2o Libraries use by 2011

50. Planning for the future: implementation  Determine the cost of library automation in the cloud  Problem: Absence of price List for Software/Related services  Some Factors: i) User Population ii) No of Personnel operating the Software; iii) Size of Collection iv) Modules /options selected.