UWB Technology

1. UWB Technology Michal Freedhoff, Ph.D. Director of Regulatory Policy Michal.freedhoff@timedomain.com

2. What Is Ultra-Wideband? • A wireless technology that uses ultra-low power (microwatts) to deliver megabits across multiple gigahertz • It can fuse high performance communications with precision location and high resolution radar sensing

3. fu-fl ³0.25 2 fu+fl What Is Ultra-Wideband? • Definition • At Part 15 powers (a few tens of microwatts total - across several GHz), cannot be reliably measured below 10 dB down points • UWB signals at higher center frequencies will have larger bandwidths Where: fu= upper 10 dB down point fl = lower 10 dB down point

4. “0” “1” 500 ps d d Frequency (GHz) Randomized Time Coding d = 125 ps 0 -40 Power Spectral Density (dB) Amplitude Random noise signal Time -80 Frequency (GHz) 1 2 3 4 5 Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband • Not a sinewave, but millions of pulses per second • Time coded to make noise-like • Channelization • Anti-jam • Smooths spectrum • Pulse position modulation

5. PulsON, A Chip Based Solution Time Domain UWB –Three Technologies in One • Enables vast improvements • Wireless communications • Precision tracking • Radar sensing

6. Unique Benefits of UWB Save and Protect Lives • Victims of crimes and disaster • Police, fire, rescue personnel • Workplace, environmental and highway safety • Military and civilian security Independent Living/Better Health Care • Aged and disabled independence • Diagnosis and treatment • Lower costs “Digital Divide” relief • Lower cost indoor broadband Complement and Extend Reach of GPS • Aviation safety Worldwide Race - Breakthrough Technology • Jobs/Economic Development • Global Technology Leadership • Relieve “spectrum drought”

7. Optical DSL Satellite Cable Modem FTTH MMDS CATV POTS What is UWB’s Role in the Future of Broadband Wireless Broadband To The Home... The Challenge: “Broadband Thru The Home”

8. TM-UWB Enables…In-Building 3-D Precision Location & Tracking (indoors +/- 3 cm) • People Tracking – DOC SBIR to track firefighters – DOD to track soldiers in urban training scenarios • Asset Tracking – Partnership with GE and grant from NIST to track medical equipment in hospitals Proposed TimeTagTM Design for Precision Tracking

9. Radar Prototype • Waiver from FCC to sell a limited number of Radarvision devices • Through wall motion sensing for law enforcement, and earthquake rescue

10. 2.4 GHz UNII Bands Power Part 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency (GHz) Unlicensed Spectrum • Although UWB technology operates at the same or lower power levels currently allowed for numerous applications under the FCC’s Part 15 rules, a change of the rules is needed to accommodate this new form of wireless technology Not to scale

11. US Regulatory Status of UWB • Presently billions of digital devices that emit UWB-like signals (laptops, PDAs, etc.) • Operate in the US under unlicensed “Part 15” rules • Basic requirement of Part 15: • Thou shalt not create harmful interference

12. What is Harmful Interference? • The FCC must decide what constitutes harmful interference. This is a critical spectrum management issue. • US Statutory definition of harmful interference (FCC) • “Interference which endangers the functioning of a radionavigation service or other safety services or seriously degrades, obstructs or repeatedly interrupts a radio communications service operating in accordance with these [international] Radio Regulations.” 47 CFR 2.1 • US NTIA definition • NTIA ITS website adds that harmful interference “must cause serious detrimental effects such as circuit outages and message losses as opposed to interference that is merely a nuisance or annoyance that can be overcome by appropriate measures.”

13. Rule Change: “Noise is Noise”Regardless of What Causes It • Radio-wave power (noise) causes interference • Interference has nothing to do with whether the noise source is an “intentional” or “unintentional” emitter • Appropriate measure is power level, not “intent” • UWB power limits set by FCC should be: • Equivalent to power limits for both “unintentional” and “spurious” emissions (-71dBW/MHz, the Part 15 power level) • Lower than out-of-band power limits allowed for licensed services • e.g., PCS and MSS are allowed to emit slightly more energy in restricted bands than all Part 15 devices • UWB power limits are no different than levels emitted by existing Part 15 devices. Therefore, UWB should be treated like other Part 15 devices: • Intentional vs. unintentional distinction is unnecessary

14. GPS Coexistence Testing • Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory • Sponsored by Time Domain • Analyzed data taken by Applied Research Laboratory, University of Texas (ARL:UT) • Comprehensive testing produced 20 GB of data including conducted and radiated testing of multiple receiver types and UWB modes as well as other digital devices operating at Part 15 power • Developed 12 measures of GPS receiver performance related to number of satellites, position accuracy, and reacquisition time

15. An Example Graph fromJHUAPL Report Asymptotic curve with noticeable effects starting at 3 meters

16. JHUAPL Analytic Results • TM-UWB emissions are white noise-like signals that can be modeled as average power • Multiple TM-UWB emissions add as average power • TM-UWB emissions resemble emissions from devices operating at Part 15 power levels– un-keyed walkie-talkie • Developed theoretical model that accurately predicted both ARL:UT and other experimental data • DoD Joint Spectrum Center recently showed that NTIA and UT/JHU data largely say the same thing. TDC performed similar analysis

17. Aggregate Issue • Why isn’t the night sky as bright as the day? • Can’t be an aggregate issue on the large scale if the average propagation path is less than free space • Except over very short ranges, free space paths don’t exist • At the power levels that the FCC may authorize, applications must be short range applications

18. Conclusions • The benefits of UWB are unique, and in many cases cannot be realized using other technologies • UWB can be introduced at Part 15 power levels without causing harmful interference