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Learn about the lives and contributions of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X in the civil rights movement. Discover how they led non-violent protests and challenged racial prejudice, inspiring change in America. Explore their different approaches and legacies in fighting for equality.
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History Presentation Angelique Pol, Irazu Hernandez, John Gutierrez
Civil Rights Activist Leader • He led people to conduct non-violent protests to conduct civil reform. • Martin Luther King Jr. fought against racial prejudice, not just because his race suffered, but because he considered racism and segregation to be an affront to God's will.
Montgomery Bus Boycott Primary Spokesman for this movement Dr.King was chosen because he had a professional standing. He was new to the community so he had no enemies
Continuing Change.. In January 1957, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches. Dr.King met with religious and civil rights leaders and lectured all over the country about race related issues. Dr.King meets with Vice President Richard Nixon to discuss the Civil Rights Act Dr.King along with members of the NAACP meet with President Dwight D.Eisenhower African-American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had studied Gandhi's teachings, became one of King's associates and counseled him to dedicate himself to the principles of nonviolence.
In 1959, with the help of the American Friends Service Committee, and inspired by Gandhi's success with non-violent activism, Martin Luther King visited Gandhi's birthplace in India. The trip affected him in a deeply profound way, increasing his commitment to America's civil rights struggle.
The Sit-ins and the Freedom Riders The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee held a conference at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina with local sit-in leaders. As the keynote speaker Martin Luther King Jr. encouraged students to continue to use nonviolent methods during their protests On October 19, 1960, King and 75 students entered a local department store and requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave the counter area, King and 36 others were arrested The following day after Freedom Riders were attacked in Montgomery Dr.King goes to a rally and supports the nonviolent campaign In the spring of 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama.
I Have A Dream On August 28, 1963, the historic March on Washington drew more than 200,000 people in the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial "I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." This resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorizing the federal government to enforce desegregation of public accommodations and outlawing discrimination in publicly owned facilities.
Nobel Peace Prize 1964- “we must evolve for all human conflict a method which rejects revenge aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love” On March 9, 1965, a procession of 2,500 marchers, both black and white, set out once again to cross the Pettus Bridge and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, King led his followers to kneel in prayer and the he met with increasing criticism and public challenges from young black-power leaders.
Civil Rights Activist, Minister → Black nationalist leader who served as a spokesman for the Nation of Islam during the 1950s and ‘60s
Background • His father was killed by the Black Legionaries • Even though his head was found crushed on one side and almost detached from his body, it was claimed he had committed suicide • Malcolm was sent to a foster home at 6 and his mother never recovered from her nervous breakdown • Malcolm dropped out of school on 8th grade • Known as the “Detroit Red” - he wore zoot suits and straightened his hair for a white effect
Prison • At 21, Malcolm was sentenced to prison for burglary • Encountered the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Black Muslims • “White man is the devil with whom blacks cannot live” • Only blacks can cure the ills that afflict them
What was the Nation of Islam? The Nation of Islam combined Islam with black nationalism and sought to “encourage disadvantaged young blacks searching for confidence in segregated America.”
Criticized the mainstream civil rights movement • Challenged Martin Luther King Jr.’s nonviolent pursuit for integration • Changed his last name to “X” to signify his rejection of his slave name and a stolen identity
cast off the shackles of racism “by any means necessary” including violence...
Later Life • Suspension from the Black Muslims in December 1963 • He left the Nation in 1964 and traveled to Mecca • In 1965, he founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity to move from civil rights to human rights. • He was assassinated by a Black Muslim at a rally of his organization in New York on February 21, 1965 • The Autobiography of Malcolm X • Influenced largely by Malcolm, in the summer of 1966 members of SNCC called for black power for black people.
Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson
Overview • Lyndon Johnson the 36th President. • Great Society • Civil Rights Act 1964 • Voting Rights Act 1965 • Fair Housing Act 1968
“Great Society” WAR ON POVERTY -Johnson’s vision for the future of the United States
Great Society Cont. • Programs included: Medicare, Medicaid, and the Older Americans Act • Medicare: • Provided health insurance for Americans age 65 or older, who have worked and paid through the payroll system. • Also, for younger people who have disabilities which is determined by the Social Security Administration (SSA) • Medicaid: • A health care program for US. families or individuals that have limited resources. • Govt. insurance program for those who cannot pay for health insurance. • Only for US Citizens
Great Society Cont. Older Americans Act: • Providing services to the elderly • Caregiver support • Elder rights • Allows seniors to stay independent in their homes and their communities
Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Ended discrimination • ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. • Congress expanded the act and also passed additional legislation aimed at bringing equality to African Americans, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Voting Rights Act 1965 • Allowing African Americans exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States. • The act banned the use of literacy tests, provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas where less than 50 percent of the nonwhite population had not registered to vote, and authorized the U.S. attorney general to investigate the use of poll taxes in state and local elections (in 1964, the 24th Amendment made poll taxes illegal in federal elections; poll taxes in state elections were banned in 1966 by the U.S. Supreme Court).
Fair Housing Act 1968 • The act was immediately passed right after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. • the Fair Housing Act–prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex. • Also, protects buyers and renters of housing from discrimination of sellers, landlords, or financial institutions and unlawful for those entities to refuse to sell, rent, or provide financing.
Lyndon Johnson’s end of Presidency • Retired to his ranch house and established the Presidential library. • Wrote his memoires • Opened in 1971 on the campus of University of Texas in Austin. • Tried to reconcile and have peace with Vietnam. • Died at 64 by a heart attack on January 22, 1973 in his ranch.
