The Effects of Classroom Seating Arrangements On On-Task Behavior and Academic Performance

1. The Effects of Classroom Seating Arrangements On On-Task Behavior and Academic Performance An Action Research Project By Danielle Steger EDUC 702.22 Spring 2010

2. •Abstract •Introduction -Statement of the Problem -Review of Related Literature -Statement of the Hypothesis • Method -Participants (N) -Instruments (s) -Experimental Design -Procedure • Results • Discussion • Implications • References Table of Contents

3. Introduction Seating arrangement has been a topic of debate since the early 1900’s. Popularity has moved from single row or column seating to cluster seating, a model to encourage cooperative learning. The question still remains, what is the most effective seating arrangement for the primary classroom setting? Is there one particular model that should be used 100% of the school day, or should the lesson dictate the seating arrangement?

4. Statement of theProblem PS X has adopted cluster seating for all classrooms, 100% of the school day. Independent math practice at PS X is complicated by off-task behavior and would benefit from a less distracting seating arrangement, such as paired columns.

5. The Importance of Seating Arrangement • Room arrangement affects the learning process, student behavior, and student engagement. (Bonus & Riordan, 1998; Florman, 2003; Lackney & Jacobs, 2002; Proshansky & Wolfe, 1974; Richards, 2006; Strong-Wilson & Ellis, 2007; Susi, 1989; Weinstein, 1977). PROS: Research Supporting Row Seating • On-task behavior increases with rows. (Hastings & Schwieso, 1995). Review of Related Literature

6. Review of Related Literature PROS: Research Supporting Row Seating • Students prefer orderliness and clear views of the teacher. (Raviv, Raviv & Reisel, 1990). • Some learners prefer to learn alone or with one partner. (Burke & Burke-Samide, 2004; Church, 2004; Dunn & Dunn, 1975). • Learning style is 60% biological. (Dunn, 1990).

7. Review of Related Literature PROS: Research Supporting Row Seating • Row seating reduces talking. (Koneya, 1976; Ridling, 1994; Silverstein & Stang, 1976; Wannarka & Ruhl, 2008; Weinstein, 1979). • In the 1900’s the business model entered the American education system based on the German model of efficiency. (Callehan, 1962).

8. PROS: Problems With Cluster Seating • Increased proximity increases likelihood of off-task conversations. (Koneya, 1976; Ridling, 1994; Weinstein, 1979). PROS: Theorists and Supporters of Row Seating • Students prefer row seating. (McCorskey & MCVetta, 1978). • Task orientation is improved. (Raviv, Raviv & Reisel, 1990; Weinstein, 1979). Review of Related Literature

9. CONS: Arguments Supporting Cluster Seating • It is ideal for socially facilitated learning. (Patton, Snell, Knight & Florman, 2001). • It promotes “innovation.” (Raviv, Raviv & Reisel, 1990). • Students like each other more and communicate better when facing each other. (O’Hare, 1998; Bovard, 1951). CONS: Arguments Against Row Seating • Row seating impedes a teacher’s ability to walk between student desks and assess learning. (Weaver Dunne, 2001). Review of Related Literature

10. Statement of the Hypothesis HR1: Changing the seating arrangement from cluster seating to paired columns over a five week period will increase the on-task behavior of 25 common branch second grade students at PS X during math class, and lead to increased scores on math assessments.

11. Participants Class A • Began with 24 students (12 boys, 12 girls) • Ended with 25 (12 boys, 13 girls) Class B • 2nd Grade •PS X, Brooklyn • 24 students • Common Branch (14 boys, 10 girls) • Title 1 school • Cluster Seating Method

12. Instruments Student Surveys • Class A Pre-test • Class B Pre-test • Class A Post-test Unit Tests(enVision program) • Unit Tests 1-11 (Pre-test) • Unit Tests 12-14 (Post-test) Method

13. Research Design Quasi Experimental: Nonequivalent Control Group Design. • Two groups: Designated treatment group (X1) and control group (X2) are pre-tested (O), exposed to a treatment (X), and post-tested (O). • Symbolic Design: O X1 O O X2 O • Groups not randomly assigned.

14. Internal Threats • History • Maturation • Testing • Instrumentation • Selection • Mortality • Selection-Maturation Interaction External Threats • Generalizable Conditions • Pre-Test Treatment Selection • Treatment Interaction • Specificity of Variables • Multiple Treatments Threats to Validity

15. Procedure September 2009 – January 2010 • Pretest Data Collection (Unit Tests 1-11) February 2010 • Class A Pre-test Survey • Class B Pre-test Survey February 2010 – March 2010 • Intervention in Class A • Post-test Data Collection (Unit Tests 12-14) March 2010 • Class A Post-test Survey

16. Results Class A Post-test *No correlation was found. *rxy = +0.57

17. Results Class A & B Pre-test * Class A average 85%, Class B average 86%. * Class B performed 1% higher than Class A.

18. Results Class A & B Post-test * Class A average 80%, Class B average 79%. * Class A performed 1% higher than Class B.

19. Discussion • Theorists link seating arrangement with a child’s ability to remain attentive, work productively, and learn. (Bonus & Riordan, 1998; Burke & Burke-Samide, 2004; Koneya, 1976; Lackney & Jacobs, 2002; McCorskey & McVetta, 1978; Proshansky & Wolfe, 1974; Richards, 2006; Strong-Wilson & Ellis, 2007; Susi, 1989; Weinstein, 1979). • The results support the research: - Class A and B were taught using identical lesson plans, resources, and assessments. - Pre-test: Class B outperformed Class A. - Post-test: Class A outperformed Class B.

20. Implications • A change in seating improved test scores in Class B. • More research needs to be done. • More participants are needed. • A longer study needs to be done.