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Implementing Civil Rights and the Great Society

Implementing Civil Rights and the Great Society. 1970s to Present. 1950s-1960s. Court Decisions, Legislation, and Administrative structures to implement Civil Rights: examples: School integration Integration of Public Accommodations Voting Rights Act Affirmative Action and Labor Policy.

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Implementing Civil Rights and the Great Society

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  1. Implementing Civil Rights and the Great Society 1970s to Present

  2. 1950s-1960s • Court Decisions, Legislation, and Administrative structures to implement Civil Rights: examples: • School integration • Integration of Public Accommodations • Voting Rights Act • Affirmative Action and Labor Policy

  3. Examples of Federal Implementation • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), created in 1965 • Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Labor Department (OFCCP), created in 1965 • Civil Rights Division (Justice Department), founded in 1957.

  4. EEOC • Responds to complaints of discrimination by individuals • Can sue violators on behalf of the federal government • Offices around the country

  5. OFCCP • Conducts reviews of hiring and promotion practices of employers with federal contracts • The question: does the workforce look like the labor pool? • Can call for changes in labor practices by threatening to deny federal contracts • Offices around the country

  6. Civil Rights Division, DOJ • Enforces all federal anti discrimination litigation • Located in Washington, DC

  7. Results? • Women’s earnings on average: $.59 to $.75 of male wage • By late 1990s: 40% of African-Americans in “middle class.” 60% of whites • Continuing residential segregation by race: • Of WI pop: (~5 m): 220,000 African Americans in Milwaukee are about 4% of state pop but 35-40% of city

  8. Results….Political System • Black elected officials (BEO): fewer than 1500 nationally in 1970; now over 9000 • Around 40 members of Congress; 49 big city mayors • 57.1% of Black big city mayors elected in cities without a Black majority population • Blacks are 4.7% of voting age population in WI. The 33 BEO are .2% of total in state.

  9. Results…Political System, Wisconsin Legislature

  10. Results….Political System, Women • National Positions: • Currently about 15% of U.S. House and Senate are women; 2% since 1789 • 32 women in cabinet posts ever (Frances Perkins, and Oveta Culp Hobby were only 2 before 1975) • State government: • Women hold 25% of statewide elective executive offices • 28 women have ever held the position of state governor. • Women held 23% of state legislators nationwide - 2005; as compared to 4.5% in 1971

  11. New Issues in Implementation • Glass Ceiling • Affirmative Action • Sexual Harassment • Reverse Discrimination • The Double Day • Mommy Track

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