Ahkaam of Salaat

1. Ahkaam of Salaat Sheikh Jaffer H. Jaffer Masumeen Islamic Centre February 2013

2. Ahkaam of Salaat • Overview of Rules: • Books used: • Minhaaj as-Saliheen of Syed Sistani • Ahkaam al-Ibaadaat of Syed Mohammad Taqi Modaressi • Al-Masa’il al-Muntakhaba of Syed Sistani • Taudhi ul-Masail of Syed Sistani • Duroos al-Tamhidiya Fi al-Fiqh al-Istidlaali of Sheikh Baqir al-Ayrawani • Qawaaid al-Fiqhiya of Sheikh Baqir al-Ayrawani

3. Ahkaam of Salaat • Subjects covered (tentative): • Importance of Salaat • The Conditions of Salaat – Muqadimaat as-Salaat • The Parts of Salaat – Ajzaa as-Salaat • That which Negates the Salaat – Mubtilaat as-Salaat • Doubts in Salaat – Shak fis Salaat • Incorporated into these subjects, are important rules: • Qaeedatu La Tu’aad • Qaeedatul Firaagh wa at-Tajaawuz

4. Ahkam – Islamic Laws • Importance of Salaat • رسولُ اللهِ‏ِ (صَلَّيَ اللهُ عَلَيهِ وَ آلِهِ): لِكُلِّ شَيءٍ وَجهٌ، ووَجهُ دِينِكُمُ الصَّلاةُ ‘Everything has a face, and the face of your religion is the prayer. • Salaat is a condition for the completion of Faith • The faithful are only those whose hearts tremble] with awe [when Allah is mentioned, and when His signs are recited to them, they increase their faith, and who put their trust in their Lord, maintain the prayer and spend out of what We have provided them. It is they who are truly the faithful. They shall have ranks near their Lord, forgiveness and a noble provision (Anfaal 2-4)

5. Ahkaam of Salaat • The Obligatory Prayers: • Daily prayers (included in this is SalaatulJum’a) • SalaatulAayaat • Salaat at-Tawaaf al-Wajiba • Salaat which becomes Wajib on account of hire, vow or oath • Salaat al-Mayyit • Conditions of Salaat: • Time (Waqt) • Direction (Qibla) • Purity (Taharat) • Place of worship (Makaan) • Clothes worn in Salaat (Libaas) • An Important Rule: ‘Qaeedatulaatu’aad’:

6. Salaat – Important Rule ‘Qaeedatulaatu’aad’: Zurara reports from AbiJa’far AS that he said: Do not repeat your salaat expect for 5 reasons: Taharat, Time, Qibla, Ruku and Sujood. Then he said: Qira’a is Sunna, and Tashahud is Sunna and a Sunna does not negate a Faridha. (Wasail Vol. 1 pg. 339) • What does Sunna and Faridha mean? • Faridha are those which have been ordered by Allah SWT and made obligatory • Sunna are those which were being practiced by the Prophet SAW and hence made part of the religion (Shari’a) • This hadith does not cover those who leave ‘the Sunna’ on purpose • What about the other Arkaan? (Niyyat, Takbir and QiyammutasilbilRuku)

7. Ahkaam of Salaat • First Condition: Time of Salaat (Waqt) • The Holy Qur’an has ordained three specific times for the 5 daily prayers: َقِمِ الصَّلَوةَ لِدُلُوكِ الشَّمْسِ إِلىَ‏ غَسَقِ الَّيْلِ وَ قُرْءَانَ الْفَجْرِ إِنَّ قُرْءَانَ الْفَجْرِ كاَنَ مَشهُْودًا • Maintain the prayer from the sun's decline till the darkness of the night, and] observe particularly [the dawn recital. Indeed the dawn recital is attended] by angels (17:78) • Time for Dhuhrayn (Dhuhr and Asr) • Time for ‘Isha-ayn (Maghriband Isha) • Time for Fajr

8. Ahkaam of Salaat • Time for Dhuhrayn (Dhuhr and Asr) • The time for Dhuhr and Asr is from the declining of the sun until it gets dark • Proof: • ‘Maintain the prayer from the sun's decline… (17:78) • From Zurara reporting from AbiJa’far AS that he said: When it becomes midday, two (salat) times have begun: Dhuhr and Asr, and when the sun sets two times have begun: Maghrib and Isha. (Wasailvol 4 pg. 125)

9. Ahkaam of Salaat • Time for Dhuhrayn (Dhuhr and Asr) • The times of these two salaat are broken up into 3 specific times: • One can only recite Dhuhr during the beginning time of Dhuhr for as long as it takes to recite 4 rakaat • One can only recite Asr during the last part of the day before sunset for as long as it takes to recite 4 rakaat • The time in between these two times is shared for Dhuhr and Asr • Proof: • From Dawood bin Farqad reporting from some of our companions from AbiAbdillah AS: If midday arrives, it is the time of Dhuhr for as long as it takes to recite 4 raka’at. Once that time has passed, then the time of Dhuhr and Asr has entered and it remains so until the sun is only out for enough time to recite 4 raka’at. When that much time is remaining, the time for Dhuhr has ended and it is now the time for Asr only until the sun disappears. (Wasail vol. 4 pg. 127)

10. Ahkaam of Salaat • How do we know when Midday has set in? • If a stick, a pole, or anything similar to it, which acts as an indicator (shakhis) is made to stand on a level ground, its shadow will fall westwards when the sun rises in the morning, and as the sun continues to rise the shadow cast by the indicator will reduce in size. And in our cities it becomes smallest at the time of the commencement of Midday. • And as Midday passes the shadow cast by the indicator turns eastwards, and as the sun moves towards west the shadow gets longer. • Based on this, when the shadow is the shortest, and it begins getting longer again, it is known that Zuhr has taken place.

11. Ahkaam of Salaat • Time for Maghrib and Isha • The time for Maghrib and Isha is from when it gets dark (i.e. the Sun sets) • Proof: • Maintain the prayer from the sun's decline till the darkness of the night (17:78) • First: Abdullah bin Sinaan reporting from Abi Abidllah AS: I heard him say: The time for Maghrib is when the sun sets and disappears. (Wasail Vol 4 pg 178) • Second: Bareed bin Mu’awiyah reporting from Abi Ja’far AS: When the redness disappears from this side, meaning the Eastern side, the sun has truly disappeared from the east and the west of the earth. (Wasail Vol 4 pg 176) • Hence, when we take both of these Hadeeth together: the time for Maghrib is when the sun sets which is when the redness disappears from the Eastern Horizon

12. Ahkaam of Salaat • In normal circumstances, the prescribed time for Maghrib and Isha prayers is till midnight (Halfway mark between sunset and dawn). • But if forgetfulness, oversleeping or being in Hayz and similar unusual situations prevent one from performing the prayers till midnight, then for them the time will continue till Fajr sets in • Proof: • Abi Baseer reporting from Abi Abdillah AS: If a person is asleep and has not prayed Maghrib and Isha or forgot to recite them, if he happens to wake up before fajr with enough time to recite both, then he should. However if he is afraid that time will expire, then he should recite Isha. (Wasail Vol. 4 pg 288) • The times of these two salaat are broken up into 3 specific times as well

13. Ahkaam of Salaat • Time for Fajr: • Just before dawn a column of whiteness rises upwards from the east. It is called the first dawn (al-fajr al-Kazib). When this whiteness spreads, it is called the second dawn (al-Fajr as-Sadiq), and the Prime time for Subh prayers. The time for Subh prayers is till sunrise. • Hence we will be able to see the time of Fajr set it: وَ كلُُواْ وَ اشْرَبُواْ حَتىَ‏ يَتَبَينَ‏َ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الْأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الخَْيْطِ الْأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ And eat and drink until the whiteness of the day becomes distinct from the blackness of the night at dawn (2:187)

14. Ahkam – Islamic Laws • General Rules Regarding Salaat Times: • A person can start offering prayers only when he becomes certain that the time has set in or when two just (Adil) persons inform that the time has set in. In fact, one can rely upon the Adhan, or on advice of a person who knows the timings and is reliable. • If a person cannot be certain about the Prime time for prayers due to a personal handicap like blindness or being in the prison cell, he should delay the prayer till such time when he feels sure that the time has set in. And as an obligatory precaution, he should act the same way when there are general hindrances like dust or clouds. • If the time left for Namaz is so little that if we perform some Mustahab acts of the prayers, an obligatory part of the prayers will fall beyond the prescribed time, one should not perform those Mustahab acts. For example, if on account of reciting qunut a part of the prayers will lapse beyond time, one should do without qunut. • It is Mustahab that a person should offer prayers at the Prime time prescribed for it, and great emphasis has been laid on it; alternatively, the nearer the prayers are to its Prime time, the better, except where there is good reason for delay, like, waiting to join the prayers in congregation (Namaz-e-Jamaat).

15. Ahkaam of Salaat • Second Condition – Direction (Qibla) • The Qibla (Direction) which we must face for Salaat and other acts (such as slaughtering is the Ka’aba. • Proof: • We certainly see you turning your face about in the sky. We will surely turn you to a qiblah of your liking: so turn your face towards the Holy Mosque, and wherever you may be, turn your faces towards it! Indeed those who were given the Book surely know that it is the truth from their Lord. And Allah is not oblivious of what they do (2:144) • A person offering their Wajib Salaat must face Qibla • Proof: • Zurara reports from Abi Ja’far AS that he AS said: Salaat is not accepted except while facing Qibla. I asked where is the limit of Qibla? He replied: Whatever is between the East and the West (meaning it can be found from all directions). I asked what if someone prays away from Qibla or on a cloudy day before time has set in? He AS said: He should repeat (Wasail vol. 4 pg. 312)

16. Ahkaam of Salaat • However there is another hadith which gives us a new ruling for Mustahab (Nawafiil) Salaat • Proof: • Ya’qub bin Shuayb said: I asked Aba Abidllah AS regarding a man who prays while he is on a ride? He AS replied he should recite while gesturing and he should make his Sujood slightly lower than his Ruku. Then I asked him if he is allowed to pray while walking? He AS replied he should recite while gesturing and he should make his Sujood slightly lower than his Ruku. (Wasail vol. 4 pg. 331) • Taking both Hadith together; Ulama have concluded since the ruling of facing Qibla is a must for salaat, this ruling of walking or riding must only be for Mustahab Salaat

17. Ahkaam of Salaat • General Rulings on Direction: • A person who wishes to offer prayers, should make efforts to ascertain the direction of Qibla, and for that, he has to either be absolutely sure, or acquire such information as may amount to certainty • If a person does not possess any means of determining the direction of Qibla, or in spite of his efforts, he cannot form an idea about it, it will be sufficient for him to offer his prayers facing any direction. • And the recommended precaution is that, if he has sufficient time at his disposal, he should offer the same prayers 4 times, each time facing every one of the four directions. • EXCEPTION TO THE RULE: ‘La Tu’aad’

18. Ahkaam of Salaat • Third Condition: Covering the body in Prayers and the Clothes used in Prayers • Covering the Body • While offering prayers, a man should cover his private parts (Aura), and preference is that he should also cover his body from the navel up to the knee. • Proof: Sufwan wrote a letter to Aba al-Hasan AS and asked: A man only has two pieces of clothes and one of them has become najis with urine, however he does not know which one. What should he do? The Imam AS replied: Pray with both of them (one after the other) (wasail 3 505) • A woman should cover her entire body while offering prayers (Aura), including her head and hair. As a recommended precaution, she should also cover the soles of her feet. • Proof: Ibn Abi Ya’foor reports: Aba Abdillah AS said: A woman should pray with three coverings: Izar (loin cloth), Dara’ (درع) (dress which covers the whole body) and Khimaar (veil – scarf). (Wasail 4: 406)

19. Ahkaam of Salaat • Clothes used in Prayer • There are six conditions for the dress used in Salaat: • It should be Tahir. • It should be Mubah (permissible for him to use). • It should not be made of the parts of a dead body. • It should not be made of the carcass, whose meat is haraam. • If a person who offers prayers is a male, his dress must not be made of pure silk. • If a person who offers prayers is a male, his dress must not be embroidered with gold. The details of these will follow later • Exceptional Cases: • Mustahab things: • Makrooh things:

20. Ahkaam of Salaat • Fourth Condition – Place of Salaat (Makaan) • There are seven conditions: • The place where the prayers are offered should be Mubah • The place for prayers should not have such a vigorous movement which would make normal standing, Ruku or Sajdah impossible • A person should offer prayers at a place where he sees the possibility of completing the prayers • The ceiling of the place where one prays should not be so low, that one may not be able to stand erect • If the place where one wishes to pray is najis, it should not be so wet that its moisture would reach the body or the dress of the person praying. • As an obligatory precaution, women should stand behind men while praying • The place where a person places his forehead while in Sajdah, should not be higher or lower than a span of four fingers

21. Ahkaam of Salaat • Mustahab places of Offering Salaat: • Masjidul Haram • MasjidunNabi (in Madina) • Masjid Kufa (in Kufa) • Masjid BaytulMaqdas (in Jerusalem) • Salaat in the Shrines of the holy Imams • Makrooh places of Offering Salaat: • Facing a human person • At a place where there is a picture, even if it may not be placed in front of the person who offers prayers • In the graveyard

22. Ahkaam of Salaat • Fifth Condition: Taharat • Taharat is from two different types of Najasat (Khabath and Hadath) • From Khabath • The body and clothes of a person praying must be Tahir from any Najasat (except for the 3 cases mentioned earlier) • From Hadath • One must be in the state of Wudhoo, Ghusl or Tayamum before reciting salaat • If a person doubts whether he has performed Wudhu or not, he should perform Wudhu

23. Ahkaam of Salaat • Q & A from Syed Sistani’s website: • Question: A person used to make mistakes in the way he performed his wudhu (minor ablution) or ghusl (major ablution). After many years, he comes to realize his mistakes. Should he repeat? • Answer: If he was ignorant out of innocence, and therefore made mistakes without causing harm (e.g., did not follow the proper sequence in washing the head and the other parts of the body in ghusl; or did the wiping of the head or feet [mash] with a new water), then his wudhu and ghusl will be considered correct; and, consequently, his past prayers and pilgrimage will also be considered correct.But if he was ignorant out of negligence in learning the Islamic laws or did mistakes which do invalidate the act in general (e.g., leaving out some parts of the body which must be washed in wudhu or ghusl), there is no way to validate his past prayers and pilgrimage.However, if there is the fear that he would totally rebel when asked to make up all the past prayers and pilgrimage, then it is not appropriate to ask him to do so. Maybe Allah will improve his situation in future.

24. Ahkaam of Salaat • Actions of Salaat • Adhaan and Iqamah • Conditions • Intention • Tarteeb - (In Sequence) • Muwalat (In Successsion) • Time • Arabic • Gender Specific • Specific for Iqamah • Taharat, Qiyaam, and it is Makrooh to speak after “Qad qaamatis Salaat”

25. Ahkaam of Salaat • Obligatory Parts of Salaat • Niyyat (intention) • Qiyam (standing erect) • Takbiratul Ehram (saying Allahu Akbar while commencing the prayers) • Ruku' (bowing) • Sajdatayn (two prostration) • Qira'at (recitation of Surah al-Hamd and other surah) • Zikr (prescribed recitation in Ruku' and Sajdah) • Tashahhud (bearing witness after completing the Sajdah of the second and the last Rak'at) • Salaam (Salutation) • Tartib (sequence) • Muwalat (to perform the different acts of prayers in regular succession).

26. Ahkaam of Salaat • Intention (Niyyat) • Niyyat is the intention to do an act of worship sincerely for Allah SWT only. • Proof: Aqli – An act of worship necessitates doing that action for Allah SWT only • A person should be conscious and aware of his niyyat, from the beginning of the prayers till its end • If a person prays to show off to the people, his prayers is void. It will be void even if he couples the intention of showing off, with the performance for the pleasure of Allah. • Proof: : Zurara reporting from Abi Ja’far AS: If a servant does an action seeking the pleasure of Allah SWT and the Hereafter, and during the course of that action, he seeks the pleasure of another human being, he is a Mushrik (polytheist) – (Wasail vol. 1 pg. 67)

27. Ahkaam of Salaat • Takbiratul Ihraam • To say Allahu Akbar in the beginning of every prayer is obligatory, and one of its Rukns (Elemants) • Proof: Zurara reports that he asked Aba Ja’fr AS about a man who forgot the beginning Takbeer. The Imam AS replied: He should repeat (Wasail vol. 2 pg. 16) • It is necessary that when a person pronounces Takbiratul Ihraam, he is standing and his body is steady • If a person doubts whether he has pronounced Takbiratul Ehram or not, and if he has started Qira'at, he should ignore his doubt • If after having pronounced Takbiratul Ehram, a person doubts whether he has pronounced it correctly, he should ignore his doubt at any stage. • Why should we ignore our doubt if it is an elemental part of Salaat? • Qaeedatu al-firaagh wa at-tajawuz

28. Ahkaam of Salaat • Qaeedatu al-Firagh and at-Tajawuz • The Rule of Al – Firagh • Muhammad bin Muslim reporting from Abi Ja’far AS who said: Every doubt that you have regarding your salaat after having completed your salaat, ignore it (leave it) and do not repeat (Wasail vol. 8 pg. 236) • The Rule of At-Tajawuz • Zurara reported that I said to Abi Abdillah AS: A man doubts regarding his Adhan while he is reciting his Iqamah. The Imam AS said: He should continue (ignore the doubt). I said what if he doubts regarding his Adhan and Iqamah while he has already done Takbeer. The Imam AS said: He should continue. I asked what if he doubts about his Takbeer while he has already begun his recitation (Surahs). The Imam AS said: He should continue. I asked what if he doubts about his recitation while he is in Ruku. The Imam AS said: He should continue. I asked what if he doubts about his Ruku while he has done Sajdah, The Imam AS said: He should continue with his Salaat. Then the Imam AS said: Ya Zurara, if you have left (completed) something and subsequently entered something else, you should ignore your doubts.(Wasail vol. 8 pg. 237)

29. Ahkaam of Salaat • The Rule of Firaagh is a general rule: • Not only does this Rule work for Salaat, it works for all acts of Ibadat and Mu’amalat • Proof: Muhammad bin Muslim reports that Abi Ja’fat AS said: Everything that you have completed and then you doubt about it, ignore the doubt and carry on. (Wasail vol. 8 pg. 237) • The Rule of Tajawuz has limitations: • The Rule of Tajawuz has an effect on all acts of Ibadat except for Wudhoo: • Proof: Zurara reports that Abi Abdillah AS said: If you are doing Wudhoo and you doubt whether you have washed your hands or not, then go back and wash them and wash everything that you have a doubt in (while you are in the state of wudhoo). If you finish your wudhoo and enter into something else like your salaat, and then you doubt about the correctness of your wudhoo, carry on and ignore your doubt… (Wasail vol. 1 pg. 469) • What does it mean to have ‘entered into something else?’

30. Ahkaam of Salaat • Al-Qiyaam (Standing Straight) • To stand straight while saying Takbiratul Ehram, and to stand before the Ruku (which is called qiyam muttasil ba ruku') are the Rukn of the prayers • It is obligatory for a person to stand awhile before and after pronouncing Takbir • Proof: Ammar reports from Aba Abdillah AS: If the obligation of a person is to recite their salaat while standing, however he forgot and opened his salaat (Takbeeratul Ehram) while sitting, he should break his salaat and stand and recite Takbeer. (Wasail, vol. 5 pg. 503) • If a person forgets to perform Ruku, and sits down after reciting Hamd and Surah, and then remembers that he has not performed Ruku, he should first stand up and then go into Ruku • Proof: Aqli – For a Ruku to be considered a Ruku, it entails bowing down from a standing position. • General Rules of Al-Qiyaam

31. Ahkaam of Salaat • Al-Qir’at – (reciting the two Surahs) • In the the daily obligatory prayers, one should recite Surah al-Hamd in the first and second Rak'ats, and thereafter one should, on the basis of precaution, recite one complete Surah • Proof of recitation of Sura al-Fateha • Muhammad bin Muslim reported that he asked Abi Ja’far AS about a person who does not recite Sura Fateha in his salaat. The Imam AS replied: The prayers of one who does not recite Sura Fateha are void except that he must recite it loudly (Jahr) or silenty (Ikhfaat) (Wasail v. 6 pg. 88) • Proof of the 2nd Sura • First: Mansoor bin Hazim reports: Abu Abdillah AS said: In your wajib salaat do not recite less than a Sura or more than one (obviously talking about the 2nd Sura as if it was the first, he would have said al-Fatiha) (Wasail vol. 6 pg. 43) • Second: Ali bin Ra’ab reporting from Abi Abdillah AS: Surely the Opening of the Book is enough by itself in the Obligatory Salaat (Wasail vol. 6. Pg. 39) • Based on these two hadith, the scholars have taken the first one as Mustahab. However in fear of going against the “Mashoor”, most have ruled the 2nd Sura should be recited as a precautionary measure

32. Ahkaam of Salaat • General Rules of Qir’at • If the time left for salaat is little, or if a person has to helplessly abandon the Surah because of fear that a thief, a beast, or anything else, may do him harm, or if he has an important work, he should not recite the other Surah • It is Wajib for a man to recite Surah al-Hamd and the other Surah loudly, while offering Fajr, Maghrib and Isha prayers, and it is Wajib for a man and a woman to recite Surah al-Hamd and the other Surah silently while offering Zuhr and Asr prayers. • If a person does not know a certain word of Surah al-Hamd or Surah, or does not utter it intentionally, or utters one letter for another like, Za for Dhad, or does not render tashdid properly, his prayer is void. • Mustahabat and Makroohat of Qir’at

33. Ahkaam of Salaat • Ar-Ruku (Bowing) • In every Rak'at, a person offering prayers should, after reciting the Surahs (Qira'at), bow to an extent that he is able to rest his finger tips on his knees • Proof: Zurara reporting from AbiJa’far AS: It is enough that your fingertips reach your knees for your Ruku to count, but it is more loved by me if you try and place your palms on your knees • Bending should be with the niyyat of Ruku • Proof: Aqli – Ruku means to bow in submission to Allah SWT – hence if it done for any other reason it is not counted as a Ruku • If a person intentionally recites the Zikr of Ruku before he has properly bowed down, and before his body becomes still, his prayers will be void • If a person forgets to perform Ruku, remembering it before Sajdah, he should stand up first, and then go into Ruku. It will not be proper for him to go into Ruku straight from Sajdah

34. Ahkaam of Salaat • As-Sujood (Prostration) • A person offering prayers should perform two sajdahs after the Ruku, in each Rak'at of the obligatory as well as Mustahab prayers • Proof: Ismail bin Ja’iz reporting that he asked Abi Abdillah AS: A man forgot to do his second sajdah and realized when he was standing already that he had not done sajdah. The Imam AS replied: He should go return to do his sajdah as long as he has not gone into Ruku. If he already began his Ruku and then remembered he has not done the 2nd Sajdah, he should continue his salaat until he finishes his salaam, then he should do a Qadha Sajdah (Wasail vol. 6 pg. 364) • While performing Sajdahs during prayers, it is obligatory that both the palms and the knees, and both the big toes are placed on the ground. • Zurara reports that Abu Ja’far AS said: The Prophet Saw said: Sujood constitutes of 7 parts: Forehead, 2 palms, 2 knees and the 2 big toes. (Wasail vol. 6 pg. 343)

35. Ahkaam of Salaat • Things on which Sajdah is allowed: • Sajdah should be performed on earth, and on those things which are not edible nor worn, and on things which grow from earth (e.g. wood and leaves of trees). • Proof: Hisham bin al-Hakm asked Abi Ja’far AS: Inform me regarding what things Sujood is allowed on what it is not allowed on. The Imam AS replied: Sujood is not allowed except for on the earth or what grows from the earth except for that which is eaten or worn. (Wasail vol. 5 pg. 343) • Obligatory Sajdahs in the Holy Qur’an • Surah as-Sajdah, 32:15; Surah Ha Mim Sajdah, 41:38; Surah an-Najm, 53:62; Surah al-'Alaq, 96:19 • If a person hears the verse of obligatory Sajdah from a person who is asleep, or one who is insane, or from a child who knows nothing of the Qur'an, it will be obligatory upon him to perform Sajdah. But if he hears from a gramophone or a tape recorder, Sajdah will not be obligatory.

36. Ahkaam of Salaat • Tashahud: • If a person forgets tashahhud, and rises and remembers before Ruku, he should sit down to recite it, and then stand up again. • Proof: Al-Halabi reports Abi Abdillah AS said: If you stand from the 2nd Rakaat of Dhuhr or any other salaat and you remember you have not recited Tashahud while you are in your 3rd Rakaat, if you have not gone into Ruku, sit down and recite your Tashahud and then complete your salaat (Wasail vol 6 pg. 406) • Salaam: • While a person sits after reciting tashahhud in the last Rak'at, and his body is tranquil, it is Mustahab to say: Assalamu 'alayka ayyuhan Nabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh • Then he should say: Assalamu Alaykum and as a recommended precaution add to it Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh. Alternatively, he can say: Assalamu Alayna Wa Ala Ibadi llahis Salihin. But if he recites this Salam, then as per obligatory precaution, he must follow it up with saying: Assalamu Alaykum.

37. Ahkaam of Salaat • Tarteeb (Sequence) • If a person intentionally changes the sequence of the prayers, his prayers are void. • If a person forgets a rukn (elemental part) of the prayers, and performs the next rukn, his prayers would become void, as a measure of precaution. • Muwalat (Maintenance of Succession) • A person should maintain continuity during prayers, If he allows an undue interval between different acts, till it becomes difficult to visualise that he is praying, his prayers will be void. • Qunut • It is also Mustahab that while reciting qunut, a person keeps his hands in front of his face, turning the palms facing the sky, and keeping both, the hands and the fingers, close together. It is Mustahab to look at the palms in qunut.

38. Ahkaam of Salaat • Mubtilaat as-Salaat (Things which Invalidate Salaat) • First: If any of the pre-requisites of prayers ceases to exist while one is in Salaat • Second: : If a person, intentionally or by mistake, or uncontrollably, commits an act which makes his Wudhu or Ghusl void • Third: If a person folds his hands as a mark of humility and reverence • Fourth: To say 'Amin' after Surah al-Hamd • Fifth: To turn away from Qibla without any excuse • Sixth: To talk, even by uttering a single word consisting of one, single letter which has a meaning or denotes something

39. Ahkaam of Salaat • Mubtilaat as-Salaat (Things which Invalidate Salaat) Continued… • Seventh: An intentional loud laugh • Eighth: As an obligatory precaution, if one intentionally weeps, silently or loudly, over some worldly matters • Ninth: Any act which changes the form of Salaatlike, clapping or jumping • Tenth: Eating or drinking • Eleven: Any doubt concerning the number of Rak'ats in those prayers which consist of two or three Rak'ats • Twleve: If a person omits or adds the Rukn (elemental parts) of the salaat, either intentionally or forgetfully

40. Ahkaam of Salaat • Things which are Makrooh in Salaat: • A person slightly turns his face towards right or left, an angle which would not be construed as deviation from Qibla • To shut the eyes; and to play with one's beard and hands, and to cross the fingers of one hand into those of another • To become silent while reciting Surah al-Hamd, or any other Surah, or Zikr, so as to listen to some conversation • To offer prayers when he is feeling drowsy, or when he restrains his urge for urinating or defecation

41. Ahkaam of Salaat • Occasions when Obligatory Prayers can be broken: • It is haraam, as an obligatory precaution, to break obligatory prayers purposely • Exceptions: • To protect property, or to escape from financial or physical harm • If a creditor demands payment from a person who is praying • If a person learns during his prayers that the mosque is najis • In a situation where one must break salaat, if he goes on and completes it, his salaat is in order, though he will have committed a sin.

42. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts in Prayers • Doubts which make Prayers Void (Seven) • Doubts about the number of Rak'ats occurring in obligatory prayers which consist of 2 Rak'ats • Proof: Zurara bin A’yan reports that Abu Ja’far AS said: Allah SWT has made obligatory upon his servants 10 Raka’at; in them there is recitation (Qira’a) and there can be no mistakes (meaning forgetfulness). And the Prophet SAW added to them 7; in them there can be mistakes but there is no recitation. Therefore, one who doubts in the first two (Raka’at) must repeat until they have guarded it and have certainty about it, and one who doubts about the last two should act upon their mistake. (Wasail vol. 8 pg. 187) • Doubts about the number of Rak'ats occurring in prayers consisting of 3 Rak'ats • Proof: Abu Ja’far AS said: If you doubt in your Maghrib, repeat your salaat…

43. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts which make Prayers Void • Doubt occurring in prayers of 4 Rak'ats as to whether one has performed one Rak'at or more. • Doubt in prayers of 4 Rak'ats before going to the second Sajdah, as to whether he has performed 2 Rak'ats or more • Doubts between 2 and 5 Rak'ats or between 2 and more than 5 Rak'ats. • Doubts between 3 and 6 Rak'ats or between 3 and more than 6 Rak'ats. • Doubt between 4 and 6 Rak'ats or between 4 and more than 6 Rak'ats

44. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts which may be ignored • Doubt about an act whose performance has already passed • Doubt occurring after the Salam of prayers • Doubt after the time of prayers has already passed as to whether he has offered the prayers or not • Doubt of a person, who doubts too much • Kathratu as-Shak is a person who doubts at a minimum at least once in every three prayers • Doubt by the Imam about the number of Rak'ats when the ma'mum (follower) is aware of the number • Doubt which occurs in Mustahab prayers and Namaz of Ihteya

45. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts which are valid • After the second Sajdah, if a person doubts whether he has performed 2 Rak'ats or 3, he should assume that he has performed 3 Rak'ats • And after finishing the prayers he should offer, as an obligatory precaution, 1 Rak'at of Namaz-e-Ihtiyat, standing • If after the second Sajdah, a person doubts whether he has performed 2 or 4 Rak'ats, he should decide that he has performed 4 Rak'ats and finish his prayers • He should then stand up to offer 2 Rak'ats of Namaz-e-Ihtiyat. • If a person doubts, after the second Sajdah, whether he has performed 2, 3 or 4 Rak'ats, he should decide that he has performed 4 Rak'ats • After completing the prayers, he should perform 2 Rak'ats of Namaz-e-Ihtiyat standing, and 2 Rak'ats in the sitting position.

46. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts which are valid (Cont…) • If a person doubts after the second Sajdah, as to whether he has performed 4 or 5 Rak'ats, he should decide that he has performed 4 Rak'ats and finish his prayers. • After that he should perform two sajdatussahv In any of these four situations, if the doubt occurs after the first Sajdah, and before having gone into the second, the prayers will be void. • Why?

47. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts which are valid (Cont…) • If a person doubts at any stage during his prayers, whether he has performed 3 or 4 Rak'ats, he should decide that he has performed 4 Rak'ats and finish his prayers. • Thereafter he should offer Namaz-e-Ihtiyat of 1 Rak'at standing or of 2 Rak'ats in the sitting position. • If a person doubts while standing, as to whether he has performed 4 Rak'ats or 5, he should sit down and recite tashahhud and the Salam of prayers • Then he should stand up to offer Namaz-e-Ihtiyat of 1 Rak'at, or give 2 Rak'ats while sitting. • If one doubts, while standing, whether he has performed three or five Rak'ats, he should sit down and read tashahhud and Salam to finish the prayers • After that, he should offer 2 Rak'ats of Namaz-e-Ihtiyat standing.

48. Ahkaam of Salaat • Doubts which are valid (Cont…) • If a person doubts while standing, as to whether he has offered 3, 4 or 5 Rak'ats, he should sit down and recite tashahhud and the Salam of prayers • Thereafter, he should offer Namaz-e-Ihtiyat of 2 Rak'ats standing, and another 2 Rak'ats in the sitting position • If a person doubts, while standing, whether he has performed 5 or 6 Rak'ats, he should sit down and recite tashahhud and Salam of the prayers • Thereafter, he should perform one unit of sajdatussahv. In all the foregoing four situations one should, as a recommended precaution, also offer two sajdatussahv for an extra qiyam.

49. Ahkaam of Salaat • Method of Offering Salaat al-Ihtiyaat • A person, for whom it is obligatory to offer Salaat al-Ihtiyat, should make its niyyat immediately after the Salam of prayers, and pronounce takbir and recite Surah al-Hamd and then perform Ruku and two Sajdah • If only 1 Raka’at is required, one should perform Tashahud and Salaam and end the Salaat • If it is obligatory for him to perform 2 Rak'ats of Namaz-e-Ihtiyat, he should perform, after the 2 Sajdah, another Rak'at like the first one, and then complete with tashahhud and Salam • Salaat al-Ihtiyat does not have other Surah and qunut, and this prayer should be offered silently; its niyyat should not be uttered; and the recommended precaution is that its 'Bismillah' should also be pronounced silently.

50. Ahkaam of Salaat • Sajdatu As-Sahu (Sajdah for forgotten acts) • For talking forgetfully during prayers. • Reciting Salam at the wrong place, like, forgetfully reciting them in the first Rak'at. • Forgetting tashahhud. • When there is a doubt in a 4 Rak'at prayers, after second Sajdah, as to whether the number of Rak'ats performed is 4 or 5, 4 or 6. • When after salaat, one realises that he has either omitted or added something by mistake, but that omission or addition does not render the prayers void. • Method: • Immediately after the Salam of prayers, one should make a niyyat of performing Sajdah; recommended precaution that Zikr be recited, and a better Zikr is: Bismillahi wa billah assalamu 'alayka ayyuhan Nabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. • Then one should sit up and perform another Sajdah reciting the above mentioned Zikr. After performing the second Sajdah one should sit up again and recite tashahhud and then say: Assalamu 'alaykum';