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Key to protecting and managing a rare and endangered species depends on the following:

Key to protecting and managing a rare and endangered species depends on the following: 1) ecology of the species- environmental conditions, symbioses, behavior 2) natural history (its ecology and distinctive characteristics) ecology + morphology and physiology

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Key to protecting and managing a rare and endangered species depends on the following:

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  1. Key to protecting and managing a rare and endangered species depends on the following: 1) ecology of the species- environmental conditions, symbioses, behavior 2) natural history (its ecology and distinctive characteristics) ecology + morphology and physiology 3) status of its populations-distribution and genetics 4) the dynamic processes that affect population size-demographics 5) Impact of human activities on the species

  2. This type of information can be obtained by doing the following: 1) Examine the unpublished and published literature 2) Fieldwork to monitor populations and ecosystem conditions -only in the field can conservation status be determined  Ex. Magellanicpenquins were fitted with radio collars and found to forage 600 km from nest. Argentine government extended time for a fishing exclusion zone until chicks mature and population grew Figure 12.1, 12.2 Monitoring over many years can lead to extensive knowledge that can be used in conservation of rare species. Box 12.1

  3. 12.1 Magellanic penguins incubating eggs forage up to 600 km from their breeding colonies

  4. 12.2 Monitoring populations requires specialized techniques suited to each species • Measuring carbon dioxide uptake in lady’s slipper orchids to obtain photosynthetic rate • A radio transmitter attached to Hermann’s tortoise in Romania to determine its range • Censusing the abundance and distribution of coral

  5. Box 12.1 “Trimates” Dian Fossey (left), Jane Goodall (center), and Birute Galdikas

  6. 3) carry out a census -count the number of individuals present in a population Ex. Hawaiian monk seal census (Figure 12.3) andBritish Isles woodland cudweed (Figure 12.4) 4) carry out surveys -use of a repeatable sampling method to establish the number of individuals of a species in a community  ex mark/recapture surveys for birds and mammals and quadrat sampling

  7. 12.3 A census of Hawaiian monk seals determined they were endangered

  8. 12.4 The British Isles Monitoring Scheme for Gnaphalium sylvaticum, the woodland cudweed

  9. 12.5 Killer whale monitoring shows an increase in Hudson Bay=seals & other prey will decline 5) carry out demographic studies and monitoring -follow individuals in a population to determine rates of growth, reproduction and survival Fig. 12.5

  10. Over time, populations of a species may become extinct on a local scale, while new populations may form nearby on suitable sites. These species or those of ephermal habitats are referred to as metapopulations -a metapopulation is an aggregate of temporary or fluctuating smaller populations linked by migration -the metapopulation concept recognizes that local populations are dynamic and have several possible patterns Figure 12.8 -metapopulation concept has proved to be more useful in understanding and managing species than a single population approach Ex. California mountain sheep, Figure 12.9, need migration routes between known population areas protected Ex. The endemic Furbish’s lousewort occurs along a 200km. stretch of St. John’s River in Maine and New Brunswick subject to flooding. Flooding destroys populations but forms exposed riverbank in other areas that are recolonized by the plant. Again, instead of managing populations, the watershed’s metapopulation is managed Figure 12.10

  11. 12.8 Possible metapopulation patterns, with size of a population indicated by the size of the circle

  12. 12.9 Mountain sheep range, population, and migrations in 1990

  13. 12.10 Furbish’s lousewort populations are best protected as a metapopulation

  14. The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program Long-term monitoring projects have been facilitated by the establishment of 172 Long-term Ecological Research Sites (LTER) established by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Figure 12.11 -with long-term data, one can make better management decisions Ex. salamander species thought to be rare on the basis of several years of low breeding numbers turned out to be common in a favorable year Ex. 40 years of observation in flamingoes in southern Africa revealed that large numbers of chicks fledged mostly in years with high rainfall Figure 12.12

  15. 12.11 The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program

  16. 12.12 Rainfall data (bars) from Etosha National Park for years 1956 to 2004. Circles are chick data (caption)

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