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Scientific thinking and The scientific method

Scientific thinking and The scientific method. By Dr. Gamal Abdel Latif B.Sc., M.Sc. Alexandria university Ph.D. Reading university, England. 10,000 years ago. Early man: Discovered cultivation. Built a house and settled. Domesticated animals.

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Scientific thinking and The scientific method

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  1. Scientific thinking and The scientific method

  2. By Dr. Gamal Abdel Latif B.Sc., M.Sc. Alexandria university Ph.D. Reading university, England.

  3. 10,000 years ago

  4. Early man: • Discovered cultivation. • Built a house and settled. • Domesticated animals.

  5. Civilization: An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.

  6. Egyptian civilization:

  7. Edfu-Temple

  8. Civilizations of ancient Iraq: • Sumerian

  9. Babylonian

  10. Assyrian

  11. Phoenician civilization:

  12. Ancient Greece civilization:

  13. Ancient Rome civilization:

  14. Until the second half of the 19th century

  15. Queen Victoria • (Great Britain )

  16. Queen Isabella • (Spain)

  17. Napoleon Bonaparte • (France)

  18. Abraham Lincoln • (USA)

  19. Mohamed Ali Basha • (Egypt)

  20. A visionary: is a person who can see into the future through imagining what does not yet exist, but might in the future.

  21. George Stephenson: • (1781-1848) English

  22. Nicolaus August Otto • (1832-1891) German

  23. Rudolf Diesel • (1858-1913) German

  24. Charles Goodyear • (1800-1860) American

  25. Wright Brothers • Orville Wright (1871-1948) • Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) • Americans

  26. Lumiere Brothers: • Louis (1864-1948) • August (1862-1954) • French

  27. Alexander Graham Bell • (1847-1922) American

  28. Thomas Edison • (1847-1931) American

  29. louis pasteur • (1822-1895) French

  30. Robert Koch • (1843-1910) German

  31. Wilhelm Rontgen • (1845-1923) German

  32. Crawford Long • (1815-1878) American

  33. Carl Zeiss • (1816-1888) German

  34. Alfred Nobel • (1833-1896) Swedish

  35. In conclusion: • What man achieved during thousands of years was relatively little. • A great change started to appear during the late 19th century and early 20th century. • WHY?

  36. The man’s mind does three main functions one of them is THINKING

  37. Types of thinking prevailed during early ages : • Legendary thinking • The Greek myths gave answers to all questions.

  38. 2.Superstitious thinking It denies science and logic. It depends on magic, spiritual power and juggling. Some people still use that type of thinking. No. 13 is a bad omen , touch wood , cross your fingers.

  39. 3. Metaphysical thinking The material that burn contain “phlogiston” and those don’t burn don’t contain “phlogiston”.

  40. 4. Authoritarian thinking Authority is the power and right to give orders and make others obey. This kind of thinking prevailed for a long period before the industrial revolution. This kind of thinking opposes using one’s mind, creativity and innovation. The Roman church in Europe and the Caliph in the east applied this type of thinking for more than 1000 years. If someone has a religious opinion or belief that is against what is generally accepted to be true in the society, he would be accused of heresy. He is threatening the regime stability!!

  41. The penalty was always burn to death

  42. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Poland It’s the earth that goes round the sun.

  43. Galileo Galilei(1564-1642) Italy The earth and planets revolve around the sun.

  44. Averroes ( Ibn Rushd)(1126 – 1198) Andalusia There is no conflict between religion and philosophy (thinking).

  45. Francis Bacon(1561 – 1626) England Science is but an image of the truth.

  46. René Descartes(1596 1650) France

  47. Francis Bacon and René Descartes opposed the Aristotelian school of thinking. They suggested that we should depend on solid facts to understand nature. Scientists should think differently from Aristotle , Plato , Thales and Socrates.

  48. The scientific thinking method appeared and was adopted by people who work in research. • The components of scientific thinking are mainly 3 : • Empiricism i.e. using empirical evidence. An empirical evidence is the evidence that we can feel with our senses. It is measurable and repeatable. • Scientists do not accept : • hearsay evidence • testimonial evidence • circumstantial evidence

  49. 2. Rationalismi.e. using reasoning “logic”. Logic allows to reason correctly emotional thinking hopeful thinking wishful thinking are more common than logical thinking. They are far easier and more congenial to human nature. Scientists do not accept them.

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