THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

1. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Institute of Anatomy, 2nd and 1st Medical Faculty R. Druga

2. LIMBIC SYSTEM • Limbic cortex = g. cinguli + g. parahippocampalis + hippocampal formation (gyrus dentatus, hippocampus, subiculum) • Subcortical structures = amygdala, septum verum, habenula, hypothalamus

3. Funkce limbického systému • Emoční reakce a jejich kontrola (Papez 1937) • Viscerální mozek (MacLean 1949) • Paměťové mechanizmy, Emoce

9. Intraventricular aspect of the hippocampus (hippocampus from above) 1- hippocampal body 2 – head and digitationes hippocampi 3 – hippocampal tail 4 – fimbria (fornix) 5 – fornix 6 – subiculum 10 – collateral eminence

12. Andersen ´s circuit

14. Papez circuit

15. Papez circuit Papezův okruh • Hippocampal formation – fornix – hypothalamus ( mamillary ncc.) – tr. mamillothalamicus - thalamus (ant. ncc.) – gyrus cinguli – gyrus parahippocampalis (entorhinal area, 28) – hippocampal formation

16. Afferent cortical Associative neocortex Parahippocampal and cingular gyrus, entorhinal cortex (area 28) Olfactory cortex Afferent subcortical Amygdala Thalamus (MD, ncc. mediani) Hypothalamus Septum verum Efferent cortical Subiculum – area 28, parahippocampal gyrus – associative cortical areas Efferent subcortical Fornix Hypothalamus (mamillary nuclei) Thalamus (ant. ncc.) Septum verum Ventral striatum amygdala Spoje hippokampální formaceConnections of the hippocampal formation

17. Neocortex – hippokampální formace • Primární sensorická oblast (SI, AI, VI) • Asociační korová oblast (SII, A II, VII) • Gyrus cinguli , g. parahippocampalis (area 28, 35, 36) • Hippocampus

18. Funkce hippokampální formace • Korové asociační oblasti - hippokampální formace – limbické struktury (septum, hypothalamus, amygdala) • Učení a paměť • Schopnost se učit a pamatovat si slova, čísla, fakta, místa, tváře • Poškození – ztráta paměti (amnesia, anterográdní, CA 1) • Hippokampální formace – proces učení a vytváření paměťových stop • Nemá význam pro uchovávání dlouhodobé paměti (neocortex, thalamus ?) • Hippokampální „ place cells „ - mění aktivitu v souvislosti se změnami v okolí • Intrahippokampální navigační mapy

19. Functions of the hippocampal formation • Cortical association areas – Hippocampal formation – other limbic structures (septum, hypothalamus, amygdala • Learning and memory • The ability to learn and remember words, faces, places, events • Damage = Loss of memory (amnesia, anterograde, CA 1) • Hippocampal formation is important for the process of learning or forming of the memory traces • Hippocampus is not important for the long-term storage of informations (long-term memory) – neocortex, thalamus ? • Hippocampal „ place cells“ – the firing of single hippocampal cells changes with position of animal in relation to its surroundings (different corners of the cage) • Intrahippocampal navigation maps

21. SEPTUM VERUM AMYGDALA, NUCLEUS BASALIS

22. SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM SEPTUM VERUM(septal nuclei Ch 1, Ch 2) NC. BASALIS Ch 4 – group of cholinergic neurons projecting to the neocortex and to the amygdala

23. SEPTUM VERUM • Reciproké spoje s hippocampem, hypothalamem, s gyrus cinguli • Efferentní spoje do thalamu a amygdaly • Cholinergní neurony (Ch1, Ch2) projikující do hippocampu • Stimulace vyvolává agresivní chování • Lese - redukce agresivity

24. Amygdala, amygdalar complex - spoje

25. Amygdala (amygdalar nuclei) - connections • Corticomedial nuclei - receive afferents from olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, septum • Basolateral nuclei - receive afferents from the thalamus and parts of the cerebral cortex (prefrontal, temporal) • Efferent connections – hypothalamus (stria terminalis, VM), thalamus (MD), hippocampal formation (28, subiculum), septal nuclei, ventral striatum, prefrontal and temporal cortex, brain stem nuclei (SGC, RF, parasympathetic cranial nerve nuclei.

26. Stimulation Corticomedial group – salivation, licking, chewing, emptying of the rectum and the bladder Basolateral group – increased attention, stopping of motor activity, arousal, fear (+ autonomic reactions), rage In humans – feeling of anxiety, fear, hallucinations Amygdala is frequently focus of epileptic seizures !! Destruction Reduction of aggressivity and defensive reactions Reduction or loss of emotional reactions Amygdala – functions I.

27. Amygdala functions II. • Amygdala is involved in learning (remembering) whether something is „ good „ or „ bad “. • Amygdala differenciates a dangerous and nondangerous signals.

28. VELKÉ MEDIÁTOROVÉ SYSTÉMYMAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS

29. Cholinergic system

30. Cholinergic system • Cholinergní group target structure Ch 1, Ch 2 hippokampus • Septum verum • Ch 3 bulbus olfactorius • Area diagonalis • Ch 4 neocortex, amygdala • Nucleus basalis • Ch 5, Ch 6 thalamus • RF • Ach augments the excitability of cortical neurons, improves circulation, supports memory mechanism

31. Dopaminergic pathways Noradrenergic pathways Serotoninergic pathways

32. Dopaminergic system • Substantia nigra, pars compacta - A 9 • Area tegmentalis ventralis (VTA), - A 10 • Striatum • Globus pallidus • Neocortex • Decrease - Parkinsonismus

33. Noradrenergic system • Locus coeruleus - A 7 • Spinal cord • Brain stem – cranial nerves sensitive nuclei (nc. V.) • Cerebellum – Purkyně cells • Hypothalamus • Thalamus (nc. VPL, nc. VPM, corpora geniculata • Neocortex, Hippocampal formation • Part of the ascending activation system of the RF • Regulation of transmision of sensory signbals (pain, posterior horns of the spiunal cord) • Regulation of circulation • Essential to feel emergized • Without NA – you feel exhausted, tired, without energy

34. Serotoninergní systém • Rapheální jádra RF • Vzestupný a sestupný systém • Všechny korové formace, Limbický systém, Striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, mozkový kmen, mícha • Aktivita vzestupného systému –změny nálady • Aktivita sestupného systému – analgesie • Snížení synthésy - deprese, podrážděnost, poruchy spánku, insomnie • Nadměrně zvýšená hladina (serotoninový syndrom – třes, zvýšení TK, zrychlení akce srdeční, zmatenost, bezvědomí) • Sluneční osvit – zvyšuje produkci ( v zimě deprese,podráždění, úzkostné stavy)

35. SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM • Reticular formation (rapheal nuclei) • Ascending and descending systems • All cortical formations, Limbic system, Basal ganglia, Thalamus, Hypothalamus , Brain stem, Spinal cord • Activity in descending system = analgesia • Decrease of synthesis- depression, irritability, sleep disorders, insomnia • Increase of synthesis – tremor, increase of blood pressure anf heart rate, confusion, unconsciousness • Sun lighting – increases production (winter depression, irritability, anxiety)

36. Glutamatergic system • Excitatory neurotransmitter • Majority of ascending and descending pathways • All descending cortical pathways (corticostriatal, corticothalamic, corticospinal) • Descending brain stem pathways • Efferent cerebellar pathways (dentato – thalamic) • Commissural pathways (corpus callosum) • Associative cortical pathways

37. GABAergic system • GABA - Inhibitory neurotransmitter • Local interneurons ( neocortex, hippocampus, thalamic nuclei, cerebellar cortex) • Striatal efferent projections • Globus pallidus – efferent projections • Purkyně cells projections

38. Nitric oxide Gaseous neurotransmitter Produced by NOSynthasis • Neuronal, endothelial, inducible • 200 µm = 2 millions of synaptic contacts • Local interneurons • NO – increases releasing of neurotransmitters • Vasodilatation !!! (endothelial NOS) • Damage of neurons (neurodegenerative diseases)

39. Cévní zásobení mozkuVasculature of the CNS

40. Vertebrobasilar system

41. Vertebrobasilary + carotic systems Circle of Willis

42. The Circle of Willis • Communication between vertebral and a. carotis interna systems • Anterior and posterior communicating arteries allow blood to flow between both systems (PCA) or between right and left vessels (ACA)

44. CT – AG, 3-D