Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 Experiencing Parenthood: Roles and Relationships of Parents and their Children

2. Chapter Outline • Being Parents • Who Actually Takes Care of the Children? • Theories of Child Socialization • From the Theoretical to the Practical: Expert Advice on Child Rearing

3. Chapter Outline • Styles and Strategies of Child Rearing • Children’s Needs, Parents’ Needs • Parents’ Needs • Issues of Diverse Families • Parenting and Caregiving in Later Life

4. Two Extremes Among Contemporary Fathers: • Many men aspire for active, meaningful involvement with their children • Others, especially divorced fathers, maintain little actual contact with their children.

5. Mental Child Care • Worrying: • Mothers worry about their babies more than fathers do. • Baby worry refers to all the things that women as primary caregivers must concern themselves with. • Mother worry refers to whether one is being a good enough mother.

6. Mental Child Care • Processing information: • Mothers seek out additional information or advice about children’s development and needs. • Mothers spend more time and energy in seeking, finding, and disseminating than men do in receiving advice or information.

7. Mental Child Care • Managing the division of labor: • Women bear the brunt of having to seek assistance with child care from their partners. • They have to decide what type of help to ask for, when to seek it, and what to do if it is not forthcoming.

8. Non Parental Child Care • 77% of the more than 8 million 3- to 5-year-olds are in some form of nonparental child care. • 3 out of 4 children from families earning over $75,000, spend time in “center-based programs”. • Among children whose families earn less than $40,000, little more than half spend time in such programs.

9. Freud, Piaget, and Erikson Compared

10. Freud, Piaget, and Erikson Compared

11. Freud, Piaget, and Erikson Compared

12. Attachment Patterns in 12- to 18-Month-Olds in the “Strange Situation”

13. Attachment Patterns in 12- to 18-Month-Olds in the “Strange Situation”

14. Attachment Patterns in 12- to 18-Month-Olds in the “Strange Situation”

15. Attachment Patterns in 12- to 18-Month-Olds in the “Strange Situation”

16. Needs for Optimal Child Development • Adequate prenatal nutrition and care. • Appropriate stimulation and care of newborns. • The formation of at least one close attachment during the first five years.

17. Needs for Optimal Child Development • Support for the family including child care when a parent or parents must work. • Protection from illness. • Freedom from physical and sexual abuse. • Supportive friends, both adults and children.

18. Needs for Optimal Child Development • Respect for the child’s individuality and appropriate challenges leading to competence. • Safe, nurturing, and challenging schooling. • An adolescence “free of pressure to grow up too fast, yet respectful of natural biological transformations” • Protection from premature parenthood.

19. % of Population, Over 30, Responsible for Grandchildren, 2000

20. Gay and Lesbian Parents • Children of gay and lesbian generally: • Maintain close relationships with their parents. • Are well-adjusted. • Develop the same sexual orientations and gender roles as children of heterosexuals.

21. Comtemporary Strategies for Child Rearing • Include elements of: • Mutual respect • Consistency and clarity • Logical consequences • Open communication • Behavior modification in place of physical punishment.

22. Grandparenting • An important role for the middle-aged and aged. • Three Styles of Grandparenting: • Companionate • Remote • Involved