Review of related litreture

1. Guanzon Kilat Review of related litreture

2. Cement is a fine, soft, powdery-type substance. It is made from a mixture of elements that are found in natural materials such as limestone, clay, sand and/or shale. When cement is mixed with water, it can bind sand and gravel into a hard, solid mass called concrete. Cement is the primary adhesive used for erecting structures such as houses, bridges and buildings. People also use it for smaller projects like renovations and constructing home sections

3. Cement is composed of calcium, aluminum, iron and silicon. When all four ingredients are processed, the resulting substance hardens after being mixed with water. Creating real Portland cement requires heavy construction equipment for all the processes, that is seemingly impossible for normal homeowners

4. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment and cement. Four essential elements are needed to make cement. They are Calcium, Silicon, Aluminum and Iron. Calcium (which is the main ingredient) can be obtained from limestone, whereas silicon can be obtained from sand and/or clay. Aluminum and iron can be extracted from bauxite and iron ore, and only small amounts are needed.

5. Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron.

6. How do we measure turbidity? Turbidity is measured in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units. The instrument used for measuring it is called nephelometer or turbidimeter, which measures the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a water sample. The unit used in the ancient times was JTU (Jackson Turbidity Units), measured with the Jackson candle turbidimeter. This unit is no longer in standard use. In lakes the turbidity is measured with a secchi disk (in the picture). This is a black and white disk that is dropped in the water attached to a rope. The depth that the disk reaches before it disappears from sight is recorded. This provides an estimation of the turbidity level in the lake. A turbidity measurement could be used to provide an estimation of the TSS (Total Suspended Solids) concentration, which is otherwise a tedious and difficult parameter to measure. Lenntech can provide you with a turbidimeter to measure the turbidity of your water. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you want any information on this. Read more: http://www.lenntech.com/turbidity.htm#ixzz1UurtUBEY

7. Measurement Methods There are three methods for measuring pH; a probe and meter, litmus paper, and a field kit. The most accurate and reliable method is the probe and meter. This method is no less convenient than the other methods, but requires a more expensive piece of equipment. Probe and Meter Calibrate the probe and meter according to the manufacturer’s directions. Use of two buffers (pH 7 and 10) for calibration is recommended. Sample water can be collected in any glass or plastic container. Collect enough sample water so that you can submerge the tip of the probe. Rinse the probe with sample water before placing it in the sample. Place the probe in the sample and wait for the meter to equilibrate. If the meter needs to be manually adjusted to correct for temperature – you’ll know it does if it has an extra temperature knob – adjust it to the temperature of the sample before allowing it to equilibrate. The meter will have come to equilibrium when the signal becomes steady. If it is taking a long time to equilibrate, you may try gently stirring the probe. However, do not agitate the sample since this may cause changes in the pH. Read the pH directly from the meter according to the manufacturer’s directions. How to measure the pH